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SOL STUDY BOOK 4TH GRADE MOVING OBJECTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1: Position of Objects Page 2: Speed Page 3: Force Page 4: Kinetic/Potential Energy Page 5: Friction Page 6: Practice 2 POSITION OF OBJECTS The position of an object can be described by comparing it with surrounding objects that seem NOT to be moving. POSITION IS THE LOCATION OF AN OBJECT! Key position words include: Behind Below Left Right Ahead Above 1 Speed Speed describes how fast an object is moving. Speed is the measure of motion. On a highway, most cars will try to remain at a steady speed of 55mph. On the interstate, the speed limit is increased to 65 mph. In a school zone, cars have to decrease to a speed of 25 mph. 2 Force A force is a push or pull that causes an object to move, stop or change speed or direction. The greater the force, the greater the change in motion will be. The larger the object, the less effect the force will have on the object. Unless acted upon by a force, objects in motion tend to stay in motion and objects at rest remain at rest. Objects move: UP DOWN FORWARD OR BACKWARDS ALL WITH JUST A PUSH OR PULL 3 Kinetic or Potential Energy Energy may exist in two states: KINETIC OR POTENTIAL A moving object has energy, called kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of MOTION. If you have a moving object…you have kinetic energy…the energy of motion!!! Potential Energy is called such because it has the POTENTIAL to turn into kinetic energy. When your roller coaster car hesitates at the top of the ride, before you take the big plunge, it is full of POTENTIAL energy. When you are zooming down that hill and your stomach feels like it is in your throat, you are experiencing KINETIC ENERGY! 4 Friction FRICTION is the resistance to motion created by two objects rubbing against each other. It creates heat. If there were no friction, it would be easy to pull large, heavy objects across the floor. If there were no friction, you would not be able to walk! Your shoes would not grip the ground and you would slide. Without friction you would not even be able to pick anything up because you would not be able to grip the object. It would slip out of your hands! To get the most out of friction we even wear special shoes like baseball cleats, soccer cleats, basketball shoes and track shoes. Friction wears objects down. This is why the bottoms of your shoes slowly disappear and why your parents have to buy new tires for the car. 5 PRACTICE ONLINE AT: http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/Assessment/releasedtests.html http://education.jlab.org/solquiz/index.html http://www.iq.poquoson.org/ http://www.virginiasol.com/test.htm 6