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AP Chapter 4 Study Guide: Organic Chemistry (Rob Hamilton ©2011) Teacher’s Note: Chapter 4 is a quick introduction to organic chemistry. First our authors explain why carbon is ideally suited to make many diverse molecules. The chapter then discusses isomers and ends with functional groups. Students sometimes have trouble with functional groups because they get lazy and do not memorize them. For heavens sake, just memorize them and "git ‘r done." By knowing the 6 functional groups, you will be able to predict the properties of any molecule you encounter. This is powerful stuff. So read pgs 58-66 and answer the questions below. 1. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of what element? _______________________ 2. Differentiate between vitalism and mechanism. __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Carbon is said to be “tetravalent.” What does that mean? __________________________________________ 4. Examine figure 4.5 and list four ways carbon skeletons can produce variation: a) ____________________________________________________________________________ b) ____________________________________________________________________________ c) ____________________________________________________________________________ d) ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is an isomer? ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Differentiate between a structural isomer, a geometric isomer and enantiomers. _________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Draw the structural formula of 1 structural isomers, 1 geometric isomers and 1 enantiomers below. (NOTE: you must make up your own based on the valence of the elements you choose. These molecules do not have to be complex, but you CANNOT use the examples from the book.) 8. Components of organic molecule that behave consistently and give the molecule unique properties are called ________________________ _____________ Fill out the table below: Chemical Group Carboxyl Phosphate Methyl Structure Compound Names Ketones & Aldehydes Hydrocarbon Example Acid Base Or Neutral Polar/charged hydrophilic Or Non-polar hydrophobic Neutral Base polar hydrophilic Ethanethiol Methane Neutral Neutral Polar/ Charged I know the book doesn’t talk about methyl groups, but you need to know them anyway. Non-polar hydrophobic
