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LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION
Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson
Chapter 4
Carbon and the Molecular
Diversity of Life
Lectures by
Erin Barley
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
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Overview: Carbon: The Backbone of Life
• Why is carbon considered the Backbone?
• How does it become a part of living systems?
• What processes are critical to the cycle of carbon?
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Figure 4.1
Concept 4.1: Organic chemistry is the study
of carbon compounds
• CHNOPS
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Organic Molecules and the Origin of Life
on Earth
• Stanley Miller’s - abiotic synthesis of
organic compounds
• Experiments support the idea that abiotic
synthesis of organic compounds, perhaps
near volcanoes, could have been a stage in
the origin of life
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Figure 4.2
EXPERIMENT
“Atmosphere”
CH4
Water vapor
Electrode
Condenser
Cooled “rain”
containing
organic
molecules
H2O
“sea”
Sample for chemical analysis
Cold
water
Concept 4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse
molecules by bonding to four other atoms
• Electron configuration
– is the key to an atom’s characteristics
– determines the kinds and number of
bonds an atom will form with other
atoms
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Figure 4.3
Name and
Comment
Molecular
Formula
(a) Methane
CH4
(b) Ethane
C2H6
(c) Ethene
(ethylene)
C2H4
Structural
Formula
Ball-andStick Model
Space-Filling
Model
Figure 4.4
Hydrogen
(valence  1)
Oxygen
(valence  2)
Nitrogen
(valence  3)
Carbon
(valence  4)
Figure 4.UN01
Urea
Figure 4.5a
(a) Length
Ethane
Propane
Figure 4.5b
(b) Branching
Butane
2-Methylpropane
(commonly called isobutane)
Figure 4.5c
(c) Double bond position
1-Butene
2-Butene
Figure 4.5d
(d) Presence of rings
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
 organic molecules consisting of
only carbon and hydrogen
can undergo reactions that release
a large amount of energy
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Figure 4.6
Nucleus
Fat droplets
10 m
(a) Part of a human adipose cell
(b) A fat molecule
Isomers
• Isomers are compounds with the same
molecular formula but different structures and
properties
– Structural isomers have different covalent
arrangements of their atoms
– Cis-trans isomers (geometric) have the same
covalent bonds but differ in spatial
arrangements
– Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror
images of each other
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Figure 4.7
(a) Structural isomers
(b) Cis-trans isomers
cis isomer: The two Xs
are on the same side.
trans isomer: The two Xs
are on opposite sides.
(c) Enantiomers
CO2H
CO2H
H
NH2
CH3
L isomer
NH2
H
CH3
D isomer
Figure 4.7a
(a) Structural isomers
Figure 4.7b
(b) Cis-trans isomers
cis isomer: The two Xs
are on the same side.
trans isomer: The two Xs
are on opposite sides.
Figure 4.7c
(c) Enantiomers
CO2H
H
CO2H
NH2
CH3
L isomer
NH2
H
CH3
D isomer
Figure 4.8
Drug
Condition
Ibuprofen
Pain;
inflammation
Albuterol
Effective
Enantiomer
Ineffective
Enantiomer
S-Ibuprofen
R-Ibuprofen
R-Albuterol
S-Albuterol
Asthma
The Chemical Groups Most Important in
the Processes of Life
• Functional groups
 involved in chemical reactions
 The number and arrangement
give each molecule its unique
properties
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Figure 4.UN02
Estradiol
Testosterone
ATP: An Important Source of Energy for
Cellular Processes
• One phosphate molecule, adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energytransferring molecule in the cell
• ATP consists of an organic molecule called
adenosine attached to a string of three
phosphate groups
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Figure 4. UN05
Reacts
with H2O
Adenosine
Adenosine
ATP
Inorganic
phosphate
ADP
Energy