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Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus BI 233 Lab Supplemental Package 1 PCC-Sylvania BI 233 Laboratory Supplement 1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers. 2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab. 3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches. 4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose. 5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required. 6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor. 7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution. Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material. 8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners. 9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves. 10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill. 11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately. 12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited. Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines will be excluded from the Laboratory 2 Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash. Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash. Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers. 1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided. 2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves. 3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe. 4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor. 5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument. a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace. 6. At the end of an experiment: a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time. b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards! 7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory. 8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard. 9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench. 10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container provided. Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory 3 Please Read You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS! Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests. Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab. Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors. Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out. There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests. Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions. If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator ([email protected]) Thank you! 4 BI 233 Laboratory: Week 1 The Respiratory System: Anatomy and Physiology Ex 24. Anatomy of the Respiratory System Ex 25. Respiratory Physiology ________________________________________________________________________________ Study focus: gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system and respiratory physiology Lab resources: Dissectable torso models, flat models of thoracic cavity, larynx models, flat sagittal section of head, dissectable full-head model, full-body muscle models, slide boxes, microscopes Slides available: Trachea, lung with bronchioles, lung normal & coal dust, lung normal & tubercular Lab activities: All activities Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx) Tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine and lingual) Paranasal sinuses (frontal and sphenoidal) Larynx Thyroid cartilage Hyaline cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple) Hyoid bone Cricoid cartilage Cricothyroid ligament Thyrohyoid ligament Vocal cords Epiglottis Elastic cartilage Vocal ligament False vocal fold True vocal fold Exercise 24: Terms to know: Upper respiratory tract Lower respiratory tract Nostrils (external nares) Nasal cavity Nasal septum Palate (hard and soft) Internal nares Uvula Bones of the nasal cavity: Frontal bone Nasal bones Maxillae Vomer Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Superior, middle and inferior concha Superior, middle and inferior meatuses 5 Glottis Microscopic Anatomy Respiratory mucosa Respiratory epithelium Olfactory mucosa Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Goblet cells Lamina propria Submucosa Tracheal glands Cartilage Adventitia Lacunae Chondrocyte Bronchoconstriction Bronchodilation Respiratory airways Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes type 1) Pulmonary capillaries Respiratory membrane Type II alveolar cells (pneumocytes type 2 or septal cells) Surfactant Alveolar macrophages Trachea Carina Trachealis muscle Tracheal cartilages Lungs Mediastinum Pleural membrane (visceral and parietal pleura) Apex Base Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure Costal surface Diaphragmatic surface Mediastinal surface Cardiac impression (cardiac notch) Hilum of the lung Root of the lung Main bronchus Pulmonary artery and vein Bronchial Tree Primary bronchi (singular bronchus) Alveoli (singular alveolus) Conducting airways Respiratory airways Secondary bronchi Tertiary (segmental) bronchi Brochopulmonary segments Bronchioles Lung lobule Terminal bronchioles 6 Trachea Lung with bronchus Lung with alveoli 7 BI 233 Laboratory: Week 2 The Respiratory System: Physiology Ex 25. Respiratory Physiology ________________________________________________________________________________ Study focus: respiratory physiology Lab resources: Dissectable torso models, flat models of thoracic cavity, larynx models, flat sagittal section of head, dissectable full-head model, full-body muscle models, slide boxes, microscopes Slides available: Trachea, lung with bronchioles, lung normal & coal dust, lung normal & tubercular (We looked at these same slides last week but if you may want to review them again since you will see this material again on the practical) Verneer © equipment for spirometry (For guidelines, please use laboratory handout provided on your lab bench) Exercise 25: Terms to know Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) Ventilation rate Pulmonary volume Hypercapnia Acidosis hypocapnia Alkalosis Know the mechanics of breathing (jar at front of classroom) Spirometry Spirogram (Be able to identify volumes and capacities) Pulmonary capacity 8 With a Partner measure your relaxed breathing rate: Breaths per minute: _______________________ Breaths per minute after strenuous exercise: ___________________________ Pulmonary volumes Tidal volume (TV) Reserve volumes Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Residual Volume Pulmonary Capacities Vital Capacity VC = TV + ERV + IRV (Be able to calculate) Calculate your percent of expected vital capacity: Is this an expected capacity for your age bracket? Total Lung Capacity Know the relationship between Flow and Resistance (F=P/R) How does Asthma relate to flow and resistance? How does the respiratory system affect acid-base conditions of the blood? C0₂ + H₂0 ↔ H₂C0₃ ↔ HC0₃ + H⁺ (know formula) What is CPR? Physiology of Exercise and Pulmonary Health Aerobic exercise Anaerobic exercise 9 Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FEV) =Percentage of VC expelled in 1 second What would be a healthy percentage? What are some causes of decreased percentages? What is the difference between pulmonary obstruction and pulmonary restriction? Do Harvard Step Test: Results: ________________________________ Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculate: Waist/Hip Ratio Calculate Know the interpretations of all the tests Draw and label a spirogram: 10 BI 233 Laboratory: Week 3 Quiz 1 (material from previous week) The Digestive System Ex 26. Anatomy of the Digestive System ________________________________________________________________________________ Study focus: gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy of the digestive system Lab resources: Dissectable full head model, flat sagittal head model, flat digestive models, liver models, flat liver/pancreas/bile duct model, stomach models, tooth models, human stomach in formaldehyde (please leave on instructor bench), stethoscope, slide boxes, microscopes Slides available: parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands, tongue: circumvallate papilla, fungiform papilla and filiform papilla, esophagus, liver, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, colon Lab activities: Identify structures on the models Identify structures under the microscope Optional Exercise: The opening of the esophageal sphincter - Listen to your lab partner drinking a glass of water by placing the stethoscope below the sternum and a little toward the left side of his/her body and the esophageal sphincter will open and squirt water into the stomach after swallowing Terms to know: Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) Mouth Pharynx Esophagus 11 Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Epiglottis Laryngopharynx Opening to the auditory tube (eust. Tube) Palatine tonsils Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) Lingual tonsils Accessory digestive organs Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Digestion Ingestion Chewing Muscular actions (peristalsis, mixing movements, sphincter contractions) Sphincters Enzymatic breakdown of food (chemical breakdown) Absorption Feces Defecation Excretion Peritoneum Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Mesenteries Dorsal mesenteries (mesentery proper, mesocolons, greater omentum) Ventral mesenteries (lesser omentum and falciform ligament) Retroperitoneal Esophagus Cardiac orifice Esophageal glands Stomach Chyme Cardiac region (cardia) Fundic region (fundus) Body Pyloric region (pylorus) Pyloric canal Pyloric sphincter Oblique muscle layer Circular muscle layer Longitudinal muscle layer Rugae Greater curvature Lesser curvature Gastric pits Gastric glands Gastric juice Mucous cells Parietal cells (secrete HCL, intrinsic factor) Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen, gastric lipase) Enteroendocrine cells (secrete digestive hormones) Esophagus- stomach junction Oral Cavity Lips Fauces Cheeks Tongue Lingual frenulum Lingual tonsils Palate (hard and soft) Uvula Small Intestine Duodenum Jejunum 12 Ileum Cecum Ileocecal junction Ileocecal valve Plicae (plicae circularis) Absorptive cells Goblet cells Lacteal Brush border Microvilli Intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkühn Brunner’s glands Peyer’s patches Crown, neck and root of tooth Dentin Central (pulp) cavity Root canal Enamel Cementum Primary or deciduous teeth Secondary or adult teeth (ID various teeth) Salivary Glands Parotid glands Submandibular glands Sublingual glands Acini (singular= acinus) Large Intestine Vermiform appendix Ascending colon (right colic or hepatic flexure) Transverse colon (left colic or splenic flexure) Descending colon (sigmoid flexure) Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal Anal opening (anus) Anal columns Hemorrhoids Internal anal sphincter External anal sphincter Taeniae coli Haustra (singular=haustrum) Fatty appendices Tongue Mandible Hyoid bone Styloid process of the temporal bone Papillae Taste buds Liver and gallbladder Coronary ligament Right lobe Left lobe Falciform ligament Round ligament (ligamentum teres) Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe Inferior vena cava Porta hepatis Right hepatic duct Left hepatic duct Hepatocytes Cystic duct Common bile duct Duodenal (hepatopancreatic) ampulla Hepatopancreatic sphincter Liver lobule Central vein Liver sinusoids Portal area (hepatic triad) Portal vein, artery and bile duct Kupffer cells Bile canaliculi Teeth Gingiva (gums) Gingival margin (gum line) Pancreas Head, body, tail Pancreatic duct 13 Pancreatic acini Pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans Muscularis externa (muscular layer) Serosa (serous layer) Adventitial layer Microscopic structure of the alimentary canal Mucosa (mucous membrane) Submucosa Draw the following slides: Salivary glands (Parotid, sublingual, submandibular) 14 Papilla with taste buds: Esophagus: (Label Mucosa, submucosa, Muscle layer and adventitia) Stomach: (Label same as above but include Parietal cells, mucous cells and chief cells) 15 Small Intestine: (Label layers as above and include Goblet cells, lacteal, villus) Large intestine: (label Mucosa, submucosa, muscle layer, serosa goblet cells) Liver: (Label central vein, Portal area (hepatic triad) With portal vein, portal artery And bile duct 16 Pancreas: (Label pancreatic acini, Pancreatic islets) BI 233 Laboratory: Week 4 This week we will be doing the activities in the supplemental package instead of the lab manual Digestive Enzymes and Metabolism Lab resources: Supplemental packet Lab activities: All lab activities outlined in study guide Terms to Know Enzymes Catalysts Substrate Active site Enzyme-substrate complex Cofactors Amylase Carbohydrate digestion Starch Polysaccharides Monosaccharide IKI solution Digestion of starch with amylase Color of solution with IKI Benedict’s solution 17 Make sure you understand the results of the lab activities Use text book to help answer questions in the following experiments: Chapters 2 & 24 Lab Activity: Digestive Enzymes **Wash all Test Tubes before the experiments** Starch Digestion with Amylase ____________________________________ are proteins that act as biological ________________________ which are substances that increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur. A particular enzyme will act only on a specific reactant substance, known as the ________________________. The substrate binds to a particular region on the enzyme, called the ____________________________________________. Before a substrate can bind to an enzyme, smaller molecules or ions known as __________________________________must first bind to the active site or some other region of the enzyme. Amylase, an _______________________ found in saliva and pancreatic juice to initiates the process of carbohydrate digestion. A carbohydrate is a polysaccharide that contains ________________________, ________________________ and _________________________ in a ratio near 1:2:1. _____________________________ are large polysaccharides formed from chains of glucose molecules. Directions: 1. Take 6 test tubes and label them 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A and 6A (use grease pencil) 2. Tube 1A: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of starch. 3. Tube 2A: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of amylase 4. Tube 3A: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of maltose 5. Tube 4A: Place 3 drops of amylase. Boil tube 4A for 4 minutes After boiling, add 3 drops of starch 18 6. Tube 5A: Place 3 drops of amylase and 3 drops of starch 7. Tube 6A: Place 3 drops of amylase and 3 drops of starch *Incubate tubes 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A and 5A for 1 hour in a 37°C water bath (body temperature)* *Incubate tube 6A for 1 hour in a 0°C ice water bath _______ Time In _________Time out Lugol’s IKI Test *This solution turns blue/black in the presence of starch 1. On a spot plate, mark 6 of the wells with the tube numbers. 2. Add 1 drop from the tube into the appropriate well. 3. Then add 1 drop of IKI to each sample. 4. Record the results on the table. ∅ (No change) + (Slight color change) ++ (Medium color change) +++ (Dark color change) BI 233 Lab Survival Guide http://spot.pcc.edu/anatomy/lab.htm Fall 2009 30 Benedict’s solution test *This test checks for the presence of glucose and maltose. After heating, it will have an orange precipitate if these sugars are present. 1. In each of the tubes (after the sample for Lugol’s IKI test has been taken out), add 3 drops of Benedict’s solution. 2. Boil for 5 minutes. 3. Record the results on the table ∅ (No orange precipitate) + (Slight orange precipitate) ++ (Medium amount of orange precipitate) +++ (Large amount of orange precipitate) Test 1A 2A Water + Starch 37 Water + Amylase 37°C 3A 4A 5A 6A Water + Maltose 37°C Amylase (boiled) + Starch 37°C Amylase + Starch 37°C Amylase + Starch 0°C IKI test Predicted result IKI Actual result Benedict’s test Predicted result 19 Benedict’s test Actual result Tubes 1A, 2A, and 3A were controls What was the purpose of tube 1A? What was the purpose of tube 2A? What was the purpose of tube 3A? What happened to the enzyme in 4A? Explain the actual results vs. predicted results. What process happened in tube 5A? Explain reason for the difference in tube 5A and 6A. Protein Digestion with Trypsin Proteins consist of long chains of organic molecules called ____________________________ Trypsin is the enzyme used to hydrolyze __________________ into ________________ The source of pepsin are the __________________ of the stomach (in the presence of HCl.) Proteins are digested by pepsin into _______________ Pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase break large polypeptides down into _______________ Dipeptidases on the brush border and inside intestinal epithelial cells digest dipeptides into_______________ BAPNA: (N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine-P-nitroanilide) This is a synthetic “protein”. It is an amino acid covalently bonded to a dye molecule. When trypsin hydrolyzes BAPNA, it turns yellow. Directions: 1. Take 5 test tubes and label them 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, and 5T (use grease pencil) 2. Tube 1T: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of trypsin. 20 3. Tube 2T: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of BAPNA 4. Tube 3T: Place 3 drops of trypsin. Boil tube 3T for 4 minutes After boiling, add 3 drops of BAPNA 5. Tubes 4T and 5T: Place 3 drops of trypsin and 3 drops of BAPNA *Incubate tubes 1T, 2T, 3T and 4T for 1 hour in a 37°C water bath (body temperature)* *Incubate tube 5T for 1 hour in a 0°C ice water bath _______ Time In _________Time out Test 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T Water + Trypsin 37°C Water + BAPNA 37°C Trypsin (boiled) + BAPNA 37°C Trypsin + BAPNA 37°C Trypsin + BAPNA 0°C Predicted result Actual result What was the purpose of tubes 1T & 2T? What happened to the enzyme in 3T? Explain the actual results vs. predicted results. What process happened in tube 4T & 5T? Explain the difference between incubating at body temperature vs. ice water. In the stomach, what does HCL do to enhance protein digestion by pepsin? Emulsification of Fats with Bile Salts Directions: 1. Add 1 cm of water to 2 test tubes 2. Add an equal amount of vegetable oil to each tube. 3. Add a pinch of Bile Salts to one of the tubes. 4. Cover the tubes with parafilm. 5. Shake vigorously. 6. Compare the changes in the tubes over the next 10 minutes. • Describe what is happening in each tube. 21 Fat Digestion with Lipase Lipase is the enzyme used to hydrolyze __________________ into ________________ and ________________ What is the function of bile in triglyceride digestion? Litmus Cream is a fat mixed with a litmus powder that indicates a change in pH. It will turn blue if there is an alkaline pH and pink if there is an acid pH. The darker the color change, the greater the change in pH. ***Pancreatin is a pancreatic extract containing lipase Directions: 1. Take 7 test tubes and label them 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, 4B & 5B (use grease pencil) 2. Tube 1L: Place 5 drops of water and 5 drops of pancreatin 3. Tube 2L: Place 5 drops of water and 5 drops of litmus cream 4. Tube 3L: Place 5 drops of pancreatin Boil tube 3L for 4 minutes After boiling, add 5 drops of litmus cream 5. Tubes 4L & 5L: Place 5 drops of pancreatin and 5 drops of litmus cream 6. Tubes 4B & 5B: Place 5 drops of pancreatin, 5 drops of litmus cream and a pinch of Bile Salts (mix well by gently swirling tube) *Incubate tubes 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L and 4B for 1 hour in a 37°C water bath* *Incubate tubes 5L and 5B for 1 hour in a 0°C ice water bath _______ Time In _________Time out Test 1L Water + Pancreatin 37°C 2L Water + Litmus Cream 37°C 3L Pancreatin (boiled) + Litmus Cream 37°C 4L Pancreatin + Litmus Cream 37°C Predicted results Actual results ++ (Medium color change) +++ (Large color change) 22 5L Pancreatin + Litmus Cream 0°C 4B Pancreatin + Litmus Cream + Bile salts 37°C 5B Pancreatin + Litmus Cream + Bile salts 0°C Lab Practical I will be next week (week 5)! The practical will cover all the material covered in the package for the last 4 weeks of lab Term lists Models Images Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions) 75 questions (timed) 23 BI 233 Laboratory: Week 6 No quiz The Urinary System Ex 28 & 29. Anatomy and physiology of the Urinary System ________________________________________________________________________________ Study focus: urinary gross and microscopic anatomy and how the kidneys produce urine as well as normal and abnormal components of urine Lab resources: dissectable torso models, flat kidney models, flat kidney models with renal tubules and glomeruli, sheep kidneys for dissection, sheep and human kidneys in formaldehyde (please leave on instructor bench), slide boxes, microscopes, urinometers, hydrometers, centrifuges Slides available: kidney, ureter/bladder Lab activities: Identify structures on models View structures under the microscope Dissect kidney and ID structures on kidney All lab activities outlined in lab manual Know: Fig 29.1 and table 29.1 Use universal precautions Terms to Know Gross anatomy of urinary system 24 Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Hilum Renal fascia Adipose capsule Renal capsule Renal cortex Renal medulla Nephrons Renal sinus Internal urethral sphincter External urethral sphincter External urethral orifice Suprarenal (adrenal) glands Renal pyramids Renal columns Renal papilla Calyces (singular= calyx) Renal pelvis Minor calyx Major calyx Pubic symphysis Rectum Uterus Vagina Prostate gland Rugae Trigone Vaginal orifice Clitoris Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Urogenital diaphragm Penile urethra Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule Glomerulus (plural = glomeruli) Filtration membrane Filtrate Proximal convoluted tubule Nephron loop (loop of Henle) Distal convoluted tubule Renal tubule Collecting ducts Papillary ducts Collecting system Cortical nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons Blood supply to kidney Renal artery Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta Segmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcurate arteries Corticomedullary boundary Cortical radiate arteries Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Renal vein Microscopic anatomy Transitional epithelium Capsular space Mucosa of ureters, muscularis, adventitia Detrusor muscle Serosa Nephron Glomerular filtration Draw the following slides: Kidney: (be able to ID the Glomerulus, 25 DCT, PCT) Bladder: (be able to ID transitional epithelium, Detrusor muscle, submucosa, serosa) Ureter: (ID Mucosa with Transitional epithelium, smooth muscle (muscularis) And adventitia) 26 Urinary Physiology (Ex 29) Vocabulary Urinalysis Turbidity Know the normal characteristics of urine Know the normal constituents of urine Specific gravity Hydrometer Urochrome Bilirubinuria Urobilinogenuria Pyuria Hematuria Albuminuria Glucosuria Ketonuria Urine sediments: cells, casts and crystals Kidney stones Make sure you know the abnormal or pathological conditions that occur with any of the above terms 27 BI 233 Laboratory: Week 7 Quiz 4 (material from previous week) Male Reproduction Ex 30: The Male reproduction system and spermatogenesis ________________________________________________________________________________ Study focus: List of terms and spermatogenesis materials from study guide Lab resources: male models, slide boxes, microscopes Slides available: penis, sperm, spermatic cord, epididymis, vas deferens Lab activities: Identify structures on models Identify structures on slides Figures: 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5, 30.8 Terms to know: Genitalia Puberty Sex hormones (androgens and estrogens) Gametes Spermatozoon (plural=spermatozoa) or sperm cell Ovum (plural = ova) or egg cell Zygote Fertilization Conception Primary sex organs (gonads) Accessory sex organs (glands, ducts, external genitalia) Gross Anatomy Scrotum Inguinal canals Descent of the testes Spermatic cords Tunica vaginalis Tunica albuginea Seminiferous tubules Rete testis 28 Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Ejaculatory ducts Urethra (prostatic, membranous, spongy) Dartos muscle Cremaster muscle Penis root Penis shaft Glans penis Erectile tissue Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum Crura of the penis External urethral orifice Prepuce (foreskin) Smegma Spermatogenic cells Spermatogonia Mitosis Primary spermatocytes Meiosis Secondary spermatocytes Corpora cavernosa Corpus spongiosum Spermatids Spermatozoa (sperm cells) Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells (nurse cells) Interstitial (Leydig) cells Testosterone Stereocilia Sperm (head, neck and tail) acrosome Microscopic anatomy Draw the following slides: Testes: (Label spermatogonia, spermatids, Interstitial cells) 29 Epididymis: (Id sperm, pseudostratified epithelia, Stereocilia) Penis: (label the Corpora cavernosa and Corpus spongiosum) Spermatic cord: (Label ductus deferens, blood vessels) 30 Use text book to review mitosis and meiosis Label the phases of mitosis and meiosis 31 Meiosis: Define these terms 1. Haploid 2. Diploid 3. Homologous chromosomes 4. Sister chromatids 5. Tetrad 6. Synapsis 7. When does synapsis occur? 8. Describe crossing over 32 Male spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis: (May have to use your textbook to answer the following) 1. Where does spermatogenesis take place? 2. To help you understand spermatogenesis, sort the following in the correct order, from least mature to most mature: _______ Spermatids _______ Primary spermatocyte _______ Functional sperm _______ Secondary spermatocyte _______ Spermatogonia. 3. Which undergoes mitosis? 4. Which are 2n (46 chromosomes) and which are 1n? 5. What is the difference between the terms spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis? 6. Describe the contents of the head, midpiece, and tail of spermatozoa. 33 BI 233 Laboratory: Week 8 Quiz 5(material from previous week) Female Reproduction Ex 31 – The Female Reproductive System ________________________________________________________________________________ Study focus: Term list Lab resources: various models, microscope and slides Slides available: fallopian tube, Graafian follicle, uterus-proliferative, secretive, menstrual Lab activities: Identify structures on models Identify structures on slides Know Fig. 31.1, 31.2, 31.4, 31.6, 31.7, 31.9 Terms to know: Oogonia Primary oocyte Secondary oocyte Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Graafian (Tertiary) follicle Ovarian cycle Follicular phase Ovulation Corpus luteum Luteal phase Corpus albicans Gross Anatomy Ovaries Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts Infundibulum Fimbriae Uterus (body, fundus, isthmus) Cervix Vagina Fornix Hymen Vaginal orifice Vulva Mons pubis 34 Clitoris Vestibular glands Labia majora Labia minora Vestibule fourchette Urogenital triangle Urethral orifice Glans clitoris Crura Prepuce Mammary glands Mammary line Suspensory ligaments Areola Nipple Lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus Broad ligament Mesometrium Mesovarium Mesosalpinx Suspensory ligament of the ovary Ovarian ligament Round ligament Uterosacral ligament Follicle cells Primary follicle Granulosa cells Thecal cells Estrogens Zona pellucida Secondary follicle Antrum Graafian (tertiary) follicle Corona radiata Corpus luteum Progesterone Corpus albicans Endometrium Functional zone Basilar zone Myometrium Perimetrium Uterine or menstrual cycle Menstrual phase Menstrual flow Proliferative phase Secretory phase Ovaries Ovarian cortex Ovarian medulla Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea Primordial follicle Draw the following slides: Ovary: (label primordial follicle, primary follicle, Granulosa cells, thecal cells, Graafian follicle, corona radiata, Corpus luteum) 35 Uterine (allopian) tubes: (label ciliated columnar epithelium) Uterus: Proliferative phase and secretory phase (label functional zone, basilar zone, myometrium, uterine glands) Female oogenesis 1. What phase of meiosis are these in, and which one undergoes mitosis? _____________________Oogonia _____________________Primary oocyte 36 _____________________Secondary oocyte _____________________Ovum 2. Which one is ovulated? 3. Which one occurs after sperm penetration, and before fusion of the male and female pronuclei? 4. What is a polar body? 5. What is a zygote? 37 BI 233 Laboratory: Week 9 Quiz 6(material from previous week) Embryology and Heredity Study Guide – The Female Reproductive System ________________________________________________________________________________ Study focus: Term list Lab resources: various models, microscope and slides Watch video: Miracle of Life (If short on time can just show first ½ hour of movie) Slides available: Human chromosomes Lab activities: Identify structures on models Embryology Lab Define these terms: Use your text book to define the following terms 1. Zygote 2. Blastomeres 38 3. Morula 4. Blastocyst 5. Inner cell mass 6. Trophoblast 7. Blastocoele 39 40 *Identify these structures and describe their function 8. Syncytiotrophoblast* a. What enzyme is secreted to erode the endometrium? 9. Cytotrophoblast* 10. Chorionic villi* 11. Embryonic disc* a. Endoderm 41 b. Ectoderm 12. Amnion (amniotic cavity)* 42 13. Yolk sac* Also in this picture: a. Endometrium b. Chorionic villi c. Amniotic cavity d. Syncytiotrophobla st e. Cytotrophoblast f. Blastocoele g. Lacunae 14. Primitive streak 15. Mesoderm* 16. Allantois 17. Chorion 43 18. How long is the human gestational period (from fertilization to parturition)? a. How long is it if you calculate from the last menstrual period? 19. What is the term for rapid mitotic cell division without cell growth? 20. What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast? (Hint: Used to detect pregnancy) 21. Which part of the blastocyst will become the embryo? 22. Where are embryonic blood cells made? 23. Explain why the corpus luteum does not degenerate if an embryo implants into the uterus. 24. Define gastrulation. 25. List the structures that are formed by ectoderm. 26. List the structures that are formed by mesoderm. 44 27. List the structures that are formed by endoderm. Placenta Identify these structures: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Umbilical arteries Umbilical vein Chorionic villi Maternal blood vessels Syncytiotrophoblast Amnion Area filled with maternal blood Decidua basalis of the endometrium 28. When is the placenta fully formed and functional? 29. Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in these umbilical vessels? a. Two arteries b. One vein 45 30. What 6 hormones are secreted by the placenta and what are their functions? Lab Practical II will be next week (week 10)! The practical will cover all the material covered in the package for the last 4 weeks of lab Term lists, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package Models Images Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions) 75 questions : timed 3 minutes per station 46