Download BI 233 Laboratory Package winter 2013 - PCC

Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
BI 233 Lab
Supplemental Package
1
PCC-Sylvania BI 233 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and
clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire
blanket, safety kit, and showers.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory
guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind,
store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the
benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear
of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for
this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties
are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory.
Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or
lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes,
immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform
the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform
instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.
Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the
dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when
instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or
surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts
or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after
removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your
instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to
water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how
minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
will be excluded from the Laboratory
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Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials
 Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have
come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for
decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
 Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10%
bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
 Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not
replace their covers.
1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.
2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces
soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a
sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in
Carosafe/Wardsafe.
4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your
instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for
gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used
(MSDS). Ask your instructor.
5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace
and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please
use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the
models and may take a long time to replace.
6. At the end of an experiment:
a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!
7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use
lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been
coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure
it is in assigned cupboard.
9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are
numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in
box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you
instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in
each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.
10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash
container
provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
3
Please Read
You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will
want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be
liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of
terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well.
If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures
under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are
available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the
structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models.
Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on
quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!
Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand
what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions
in the tests.
Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the
beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be
quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only
long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.
Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware
of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.
Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can
only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both
instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be
automatically thrown out.
There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do.
You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare
for the tests.
Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.
If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator
([email protected]) Thank you!
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BI 233 Laboratory: Week 1
The Respiratory System: Anatomy and Physiology
Ex 24. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Ex 25. Respiratory Physiology
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system and
respiratory physiology
Lab resources: Dissectable torso models, flat models of thoracic cavity, larynx models, flat
sagittal section of head, dissectable full-head model, full-body muscle models, slide boxes,
microscopes
Slides available: Trachea, lung with bronchioles, lung normal & coal dust, lung normal &
tubercular
Lab activities:
 All activities
Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx)
Tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine and lingual)
Paranasal sinuses (frontal and sphenoidal)
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)
Hyoid bone
Cricoid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Thyrohyoid ligament
Vocal cords
Epiglottis
Elastic cartilage
Vocal ligament
False vocal fold
True vocal fold
Exercise 24: Terms to know:
Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract
Nostrils (external nares)
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Palate (hard and soft)
Internal nares
Uvula
Bones of the nasal cavity:
Frontal bone
Nasal bones
Maxillae
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Superior, middle and inferior concha
Superior, middle and inferior meatuses
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Glottis
Microscopic Anatomy
Respiratory mucosa
Respiratory epithelium
Olfactory mucosa
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Goblet cells
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Tracheal glands
Cartilage
Adventitia
Lacunae
Chondrocyte
Bronchoconstriction
Bronchodilation
Respiratory airways
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes type 1)
Pulmonary capillaries
Respiratory membrane
Type II alveolar cells (pneumocytes type 2 or
septal cells)
Surfactant
Alveolar macrophages
Trachea
Carina
Trachealis muscle
Tracheal cartilages
Lungs
Mediastinum
Pleural membrane (visceral and parietal pleura)
Apex
Base
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
Costal surface
Diaphragmatic surface
Mediastinal surface
Cardiac impression (cardiac notch)
Hilum of the lung
Root of the lung
Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery and vein
Bronchial Tree
Primary bronchi (singular bronchus)
Alveoli (singular alveolus)
Conducting airways
Respiratory airways
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Brochopulmonary segments
Bronchioles
Lung lobule
Terminal bronchioles
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Trachea
Lung with bronchus
Lung with alveoli
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BI 233 Laboratory: Week 2
The Respiratory System: Physiology
Ex 25. Respiratory Physiology
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: respiratory physiology
Lab resources: Dissectable torso models, flat models of thoracic cavity, larynx models, flat
sagittal section of head, dissectable full-head model, full-body muscle models, slide boxes,
microscopes
Slides available: Trachea, lung with bronchioles, lung normal & coal dust, lung normal &
tubercular (We looked at these same slides last week but if you may want to review them again
since you will see this material again on the practical)
Verneer © equipment for spirometry (For guidelines, please use laboratory handout provided
on your lab bench)
Exercise 25: Terms to know
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
Ventilation rate
Pulmonary volume
Hypercapnia
Acidosis
hypocapnia
Alkalosis
Know the mechanics of breathing (jar at front of
classroom)
Spirometry
Spirogram (Be able to identify volumes and
capacities)
Pulmonary capacity
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With a Partner measure your relaxed breathing rate:
Breaths per minute: _______________________
Breaths per minute after strenuous exercise: ___________________________
Pulmonary volumes
Tidal volume (TV)
Reserve volumes
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Residual Volume
Pulmonary Capacities
Vital Capacity
VC = TV + ERV + IRV (Be able to calculate)
Calculate your percent of expected vital capacity:
Is this an expected capacity for your age bracket?
Total Lung Capacity
Know the relationship between Flow and Resistance (F=P/R)
How does Asthma relate to flow and resistance?
How does the respiratory system affect acid-base conditions of the blood?
C0₂ + H₂0 ↔ H₂C0₃ ↔ HC0₃ + H⁺ (know formula)
What is CPR?
Physiology of Exercise and Pulmonary Health
Aerobic exercise
Anaerobic exercise
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Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FEV)
=Percentage of VC expelled in 1 second
What would be a healthy percentage?
What are some causes of decreased percentages?
What is the difference between pulmonary obstruction and pulmonary restriction?
Do Harvard Step Test:
Results: ________________________________
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Calculate:
Waist/Hip Ratio
Calculate
Know the interpretations of all the tests
Draw and label a spirogram:
10
BI 233 Laboratory: Week 3
Quiz 1 (material from previous week)
The Digestive System
Ex 26. Anatomy of the Digestive System
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy of the digestive system
Lab resources: Dissectable full head model, flat sagittal head model, flat digestive models, liver
models, flat liver/pancreas/bile duct model, stomach models, tooth models, human stomach in
formaldehyde (please leave on instructor bench), stethoscope, slide boxes, microscopes
Slides available: parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands, tongue: circumvallate papilla,
fungiform papilla and filiform papilla, esophagus, liver, stomach, duodenum, small intestine,
colon
Lab activities:
 Identify structures on the models
 Identify structures under the microscope
 Optional Exercise: The opening of the esophageal sphincter
- Listen to your lab partner drinking a glass of water by placing the stethoscope
below the sternum and a little toward the left side of his/her body and the esophageal
sphincter will open and squirt water into the stomach after swallowing
Terms to know:
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
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Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
Opening to the auditory tube (eust. Tube)
Palatine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
Lingual tonsils
Accessory digestive organs
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Digestion
Ingestion
Chewing
Muscular actions (peristalsis, mixing
movements, sphincter contractions)
Sphincters
Enzymatic breakdown of food (chemical
breakdown)
Absorption
Feces
Defecation
Excretion
Peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
Mesenteries
Dorsal mesenteries (mesentery proper,
mesocolons, greater omentum)
Ventral mesenteries (lesser omentum and
falciform ligament)
Retroperitoneal
Esophagus
Cardiac orifice
Esophageal glands
Stomach
Chyme
Cardiac region (cardia)
Fundic region (fundus)
Body
Pyloric region (pylorus)
Pyloric canal
Pyloric sphincter
Oblique muscle layer
Circular muscle layer
Longitudinal muscle layer
Rugae
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
Gastric pits
Gastric glands
Gastric juice
Mucous cells
Parietal cells (secrete HCL, intrinsic factor)
Chief cells (secrete pepsinogen, gastric
lipase)
Enteroendocrine cells (secrete digestive
hormones)
Esophagus- stomach junction
Oral Cavity
Lips
Fauces
Cheeks
Tongue
Lingual frenulum
Lingual tonsils
Palate (hard and soft)
Uvula
Small Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
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Ileum
Cecum
Ileocecal junction
Ileocecal valve
Plicae (plicae circularis)
Absorptive cells
Goblet cells
Lacteal
Brush border
Microvilli
Intestinal glands or crypts of Lieberkühn
Brunner’s glands
Peyer’s patches
Crown, neck and root of tooth
Dentin
Central (pulp) cavity
Root canal
Enamel
Cementum
Primary or deciduous teeth
Secondary or adult teeth (ID various teeth)
Salivary Glands
Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands
Acini (singular= acinus)
Large Intestine
Vermiform appendix
Ascending colon (right colic or hepatic
flexure)
Transverse colon (left colic or splenic
flexure)
Descending colon (sigmoid flexure)
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Anal opening (anus)
Anal columns
Hemorrhoids
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter
Taeniae coli
Haustra (singular=haustrum)
Fatty appendices
Tongue
Mandible
Hyoid bone
Styloid process of the temporal bone
Papillae
Taste buds
Liver and gallbladder
Coronary ligament
Right lobe
Left lobe
Falciform ligament
Round ligament (ligamentum teres)
Caudate lobe
Quadrate lobe
Inferior vena cava
Porta hepatis
Right hepatic duct
Left hepatic duct
Hepatocytes
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Duodenal (hepatopancreatic) ampulla
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
Liver lobule
Central vein
Liver sinusoids
Portal area (hepatic triad)
Portal vein, artery and bile duct
Kupffer cells
Bile canaliculi
Teeth
Gingiva (gums)
Gingival margin (gum line)
Pancreas
Head, body, tail
Pancreatic duct
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Pancreatic acini
Pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans
Muscularis externa (muscular layer)
Serosa (serous layer)
Adventitial layer
Microscopic structure of the alimentary
canal
Mucosa (mucous membrane)
Submucosa
Draw the following slides:
Salivary glands (Parotid, sublingual, submandibular)
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Papilla with taste buds:
Esophagus: (Label Mucosa, submucosa,
Muscle layer and adventitia)
Stomach: (Label same as above but include
Parietal cells, mucous cells and chief cells)
15
Small Intestine: (Label layers as above and include
Goblet cells, lacteal, villus)
Large intestine: (label Mucosa,
submucosa, muscle layer, serosa
goblet cells)
Liver: (Label central vein,
Portal area (hepatic triad)
With portal vein, portal artery
And bile duct
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Pancreas: (Label pancreatic acini,
Pancreatic islets)
BI 233 Laboratory: Week 4
This week we will be doing the activities in the supplemental package instead of
the lab manual
Digestive Enzymes and Metabolism
Lab resources: Supplemental packet
Lab activities:
 All lab activities outlined in study guide
Terms to Know
Enzymes
Catalysts
Substrate
Active site
Enzyme-substrate complex
Cofactors
Amylase
Carbohydrate digestion
Starch
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharide
IKI solution
Digestion of starch with amylase
Color of solution with IKI
Benedict’s solution
17
Make sure you understand the results of the lab activities
Use text book to help answer questions in the following experiments:
Chapters 2 & 24
Lab Activity: Digestive Enzymes
**Wash all Test Tubes before the experiments**
Starch Digestion with Amylase
____________________________________ are proteins that act as biological ________________________ which
are substances that increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur.
A particular enzyme will act only on a specific reactant substance, known as the
________________________. The substrate binds to a particular region on the enzyme, called the
____________________________________________.
Before a substrate can bind to an enzyme, smaller molecules or ions known as
__________________________________must first bind to the active site or some other region of the
enzyme.
Amylase, an _______________________ found in saliva and pancreatic juice to initiates the
process of carbohydrate digestion. A carbohydrate is a polysaccharide that contains
________________________, ________________________ and _________________________ in a
ratio near 1:2:1.
_____________________________ are large polysaccharides formed from chains of glucose
molecules.
Directions:
1. Take 6 test tubes and label them 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A and 6A (use grease pencil)
2. Tube 1A: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of starch.
3. Tube 2A: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of amylase
4. Tube 3A: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of maltose
5. Tube 4A: Place 3 drops of amylase.
Boil tube 4A for 4 minutes
After boiling, add 3 drops of starch
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6. Tube 5A: Place 3 drops of amylase and 3 drops of starch
7. Tube 6A: Place 3 drops of amylase and 3 drops of starch
*Incubate tubes 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A and 5A for 1 hour in a 37°C water bath (body temperature)*
*Incubate tube 6A for 1 hour in a 0°C ice water bath
_______ Time In _________Time out
Lugol’s IKI Test
*This solution turns blue/black in the presence of starch
1. On a spot plate, mark 6 of the wells with the tube numbers.
2. Add 1 drop from the tube into the appropriate well.
3. Then add 1 drop of IKI to each sample.
4. Record the results on the table.
∅ (No change)
+ (Slight color change)
++ (Medium color change)
+++ (Dark color change)
BI 233 Lab Survival Guide http://spot.pcc.edu/anatomy/lab.htm Fall 2009 30
Benedict’s solution test
*This test checks for the presence of glucose and maltose. After heating, it will have an orange
precipitate if these sugars are present.
1. In each of the tubes (after the sample for Lugol’s IKI test has been taken out), add 3 drops of
Benedict’s solution.
2. Boil for 5 minutes.
3. Record the results on the table
∅ (No orange precipitate)
+ (Slight orange precipitate)
++ (Medium amount of orange precipitate)
+++ (Large amount of orange precipitate)
Test
1A
2A
Water
+
Starch
37
Water
+
Amylase
37°C
3A
4A
5A
6A
Water
+
Maltose
37°C
Amylase
(boiled)
+
Starch
37°C
Amylase
+
Starch
37°C
Amylase
+
Starch
0°C
IKI test
Predicted
result
IKI Actual
result
Benedict’s test
Predicted
result
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Benedict’s test
Actual result
Tubes 1A, 2A, and 3A were controls
What was the purpose of tube 1A?
What was the purpose of tube 2A?
What was the purpose of tube 3A?
What happened to the enzyme in 4A? Explain the actual results vs. predicted results.
What process happened in tube 5A?
Explain reason for the difference in tube 5A and 6A.
Protein Digestion with Trypsin

Proteins consist of long chains of organic molecules called ____________________________

Trypsin is the enzyme used to hydrolyze __________________ into ________________
The source of pepsin are the __________________ of the stomach (in the presence of HCl.)
Proteins are digested by pepsin into _______________
Pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase break large
polypeptides down into _______________
Dipeptidases on the brush border and inside intestinal epithelial cells digest dipeptides
into_______________
BAPNA: (N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine-P-nitroanilide) This is a synthetic “protein”. It is an amino
acid covalently bonded to a dye molecule. When trypsin hydrolyzes BAPNA, it turns yellow.
Directions:
1. Take 5 test tubes and label them 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, and 5T (use grease pencil)
2. Tube 1T: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of trypsin.
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3. Tube 2T: Place 3 drops of water and 3 drops of BAPNA
4. Tube 3T: Place 3 drops of trypsin.
Boil tube 3T for 4 minutes
After boiling, add 3 drops of BAPNA
5. Tubes 4T and 5T: Place 3 drops of trypsin and 3 drops of BAPNA
*Incubate tubes 1T, 2T, 3T and 4T for 1 hour in a 37°C water bath (body temperature)*
*Incubate tube 5T for 1 hour in a 0°C ice water bath
_______ Time In _________Time out
Test
1T
2T
3T
4T
5T
Water
+
Trypsin
37°C
Water
+
BAPNA
37°C
Trypsin
(boiled)
+
BAPNA
37°C
Trypsin
+
BAPNA
37°C
Trypsin
+
BAPNA
0°C
Predicted
result
Actual result
What was the purpose of tubes 1T & 2T?
What happened to the enzyme in 3T? Explain the actual results vs. predicted results.
What process happened in tube 4T & 5T? Explain the difference between incubating at body
temperature vs. ice water.
In the stomach, what does HCL do to enhance protein digestion by pepsin?
Emulsification of Fats with Bile Salts
Directions:
1. Add 1 cm of water to 2 test tubes
2. Add an equal amount of vegetable oil to each tube.
3. Add a pinch of Bile Salts to one of the tubes.
4. Cover the tubes with parafilm.
5. Shake vigorously.
6. Compare the changes in the tubes over the next 10 minutes.
• Describe what is happening in each tube.
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Fat Digestion with Lipase
Lipase is the enzyme used to hydrolyze __________________ into ________________ and
________________
What is the function of bile in triglyceride digestion?
Litmus Cream is a fat mixed with a litmus powder that indicates a change in pH.
It will turn blue if there is an alkaline pH and pink if there is an acid pH. The darker the color change,
the greater the change in pH.
***Pancreatin is a pancreatic extract containing lipase
Directions:
1. Take 7 test tubes and label them 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, 4B & 5B (use grease pencil)
2. Tube 1L: Place 5 drops of water and 5 drops of pancreatin
3. Tube 2L: Place 5 drops of water and 5 drops of litmus cream
4. Tube 3L: Place 5 drops of pancreatin
Boil tube 3L for 4 minutes
After boiling, add 5 drops of litmus cream
5. Tubes 4L & 5L: Place 5 drops of pancreatin and 5 drops of litmus cream
6. Tubes 4B & 5B: Place 5 drops of pancreatin, 5 drops of litmus cream and a pinch of Bile Salts
(mix well by gently swirling tube)
*Incubate tubes 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L and 4B for 1 hour in a 37°C water bath*
*Incubate tubes 5L and 5B for 1 hour in a 0°C ice water bath
_______ Time In _________Time out
Test
1L
Water +
Pancreatin
37°C
2L
Water +
Litmus
Cream
37°C
3L
Pancreatin
(boiled) +
Litmus
Cream
37°C
4L
Pancreatin
+
Litmus
Cream
37°C
Predicted
results
Actual
results
++ (Medium color change)
+++ (Large color change)
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5L
Pancreatin
+
Litmus
Cream
0°C
4B
Pancreatin
+
Litmus
Cream +
Bile salts
37°C
5B
Pancreatin
+
Litmus
Cream +
Bile salts
0°C
Lab Practical I will be next week (week 5)!
The practical will cover all the material covered in the package for the last 4 weeks of lab





Term lists
Models
Images
Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)
75 questions (timed)
23
BI 233 Laboratory: Week 6
No quiz
The Urinary System
Ex 28 & 29. Anatomy and physiology of the Urinary System
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: urinary gross and microscopic anatomy and how the kidneys produce urine as
well as normal and abnormal components of urine
Lab resources: dissectable torso models, flat kidney models, flat kidney models with renal
tubules and glomeruli, sheep kidneys for dissection, sheep and human kidneys in formaldehyde
(please leave on instructor bench), slide boxes, microscopes, urinometers, hydrometers,
centrifuges
Slides available: kidney, ureter/bladder
Lab activities:
Identify structures on models
 View structures under the microscope
 Dissect kidney and ID structures on kidney
 All lab activities outlined in lab manual
Know: Fig 29.1 and table 29.1
Use universal precautions
Terms to Know
Gross anatomy of urinary system
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Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Hilum
Renal fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Nephrons
Renal sinus
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
External urethral orifice
Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Renal pyramids
Renal columns
Renal papilla
Calyces (singular= calyx)
Renal pelvis
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Uterus
Vagina
Prostate gland
Rugae
Trigone
Vaginal orifice
Clitoris
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Urogenital diaphragm
Penile urethra
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
Glomerulus (plural = glomeruli)
Filtration membrane
Filtrate
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Renal tubule
Collecting ducts
Papillary ducts
Collecting system
Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Blood supply to kidney
Renal artery
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcurate arteries
Corticomedullary boundary
Cortical radiate arteries
Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
Renal vein
Microscopic anatomy
Transitional epithelium
Capsular space
Mucosa of ureters, muscularis, adventitia
Detrusor muscle
Serosa
Nephron
Glomerular filtration
Draw the following slides:
Kidney: (be able to ID the Glomerulus,
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DCT, PCT)
Bladder: (be able to ID transitional epithelium,
Detrusor muscle, submucosa, serosa)
Ureter: (ID Mucosa with Transitional epithelium, smooth muscle (muscularis)
And adventitia)
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Urinary Physiology (Ex 29) Vocabulary
Urinalysis
Turbidity
Know the normal characteristics of urine
Know the normal constituents of urine
Specific gravity
Hydrometer
Urochrome
Bilirubinuria
Urobilinogenuria
Pyuria
Hematuria
Albuminuria
Glucosuria
Ketonuria
Urine sediments: cells, casts and crystals
Kidney stones
Make sure you know the abnormal or pathological conditions that occur with any of the above
terms
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BI 233 Laboratory: Week 7
Quiz 4 (material from previous week)
Male Reproduction
Ex 30: The Male reproduction system and spermatogenesis
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: List of terms and spermatogenesis materials from study guide
Lab resources: male models, slide boxes, microscopes
Slides available: penis, sperm, spermatic cord, epididymis, vas deferens
Lab activities:
 Identify structures on models
 Identify structures on slides
Figures: 30.1, 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30.5, 30.8
Terms to know:
Genitalia
Puberty
Sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)
Gametes
Spermatozoon (plural=spermatozoa) or sperm
cell
Ovum (plural = ova) or egg cell
Zygote
Fertilization
Conception
Primary sex organs (gonads)
Accessory sex organs (glands, ducts, external
genitalia)
Gross Anatomy
Scrotum
Inguinal canals
Descent of the testes
Spermatic cords
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
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Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra (prostatic, membranous, spongy)
Dartos muscle
Cremaster muscle
Penis root
Penis shaft
Glans penis
Erectile tissue
Corpora cavernosa
Corpus spongiosum
Crura of the penis
External urethral orifice
Prepuce (foreskin)
Smegma
Spermatogenic cells
Spermatogonia
Mitosis
Primary spermatocytes
Meiosis
Secondary spermatocytes
Corpora cavernosa
Corpus spongiosum
Spermatids
Spermatozoa (sperm cells)
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells (nurse cells)
Interstitial (Leydig) cells
Testosterone
Stereocilia
Sperm (head, neck and tail)
acrosome
Microscopic anatomy
Draw the following slides:
Testes: (Label spermatogonia, spermatids,
Interstitial cells)
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Epididymis: (Id sperm, pseudostratified epithelia,
Stereocilia)
Penis: (label the Corpora cavernosa and
Corpus spongiosum)
Spermatic cord: (Label ductus deferens, blood vessels)
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Use text book to review mitosis and meiosis
Label the phases of mitosis and meiosis
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Meiosis:
Define these terms
1. Haploid
2. Diploid
3. Homologous chromosomes
4. Sister chromatids
5. Tetrad
6. Synapsis
7. When does synapsis occur?
8. Describe crossing over
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Male spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis: (May have to use your textbook to answer the following)
1. Where does spermatogenesis take place?
2. To help you understand spermatogenesis, sort the following in the correct order, from least
mature to most mature:
_______ Spermatids
_______ Primary spermatocyte
_______ Functional sperm
_______ Secondary spermatocyte
_______ Spermatogonia.
3. Which undergoes mitosis?
4. Which are 2n (46 chromosomes) and which are 1n?
5. What is the difference between the terms spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?
6. Describe the contents of the head, midpiece, and tail of spermatozoa.
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BI 233 Laboratory: Week 8
Quiz 5(material from previous week)
Female Reproduction
Ex 31 – The Female Reproductive System
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: Term list
Lab resources: various models, microscope and slides
Slides available: fallopian tube, Graafian follicle, uterus-proliferative, secretive, menstrual
Lab activities:
 Identify structures on models
 Identify structures on slides
Know Fig. 31.1, 31.2, 31.4, 31.6, 31.7, 31.9
Terms to know:
Oogonia
Primary oocyte
Secondary oocyte
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Graafian (Tertiary) follicle
Ovarian cycle
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
Luteal phase
Corpus albicans
Gross Anatomy
Ovaries
Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts
Infundibulum
Fimbriae
Uterus (body, fundus, isthmus)
Cervix
Vagina
Fornix
Hymen
Vaginal orifice
Vulva
Mons pubis
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Clitoris
Vestibular glands
Labia majora
Labia minora
Vestibule
fourchette
Urogenital triangle
Urethral orifice
Glans clitoris
Crura
Prepuce
Mammary glands
Mammary line
Suspensory ligaments
Areola
Nipple
Lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
Broad ligament
Mesometrium
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Ovarian ligament
Round ligament
Uterosacral ligament
Follicle cells
Primary follicle
Granulosa cells
Thecal cells
Estrogens
Zona pellucida
Secondary follicle
Antrum
Graafian (tertiary) follicle
Corona radiata
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
Corpus albicans
Endometrium
Functional zone
Basilar zone
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Uterine or menstrual cycle
Menstrual phase
Menstrual flow
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Ovaries
Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla
Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Primordial follicle
Draw the following slides:
Ovary: (label primordial follicle, primary follicle,
Granulosa cells, thecal cells, Graafian follicle, corona radiata,
Corpus luteum)
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Uterine (allopian) tubes: (label ciliated columnar epithelium)
Uterus: Proliferative phase and secretory phase (label functional zone, basilar zone, myometrium,
uterine glands)
Female oogenesis
1. What phase of meiosis are these in, and which one undergoes mitosis?
_____________________Oogonia
_____________________Primary oocyte
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_____________________Secondary oocyte
_____________________Ovum
2. Which one is ovulated?
3. Which one occurs after sperm penetration, and before fusion of the male and female pronuclei?
4. What is a polar body?
5. What is a zygote?
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BI 233 Laboratory: Week 9
Quiz 6(material from previous week)
Embryology and Heredity
Study Guide – The Female Reproductive System
________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: Term list
Lab resources: various models, microscope and slides
Watch video: Miracle of Life (If short on time can just show first ½ hour of movie)
Slides available: Human chromosomes
Lab activities:
 Identify structures on models

Embryology Lab
Define these terms: Use your text book to define the following terms
1. Zygote
2. Blastomeres
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3. Morula
4. Blastocyst
5. Inner cell mass
6. Trophoblast
7. Blastocoele
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40
*Identify these structures and describe their function
8. Syncytiotrophoblast*
a. What enzyme is secreted to erode the
endometrium?
9. Cytotrophoblast*
10. Chorionic villi*
11. Embryonic disc*
a. Endoderm
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b. Ectoderm
12. Amnion (amniotic cavity)*
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13. Yolk sac*
Also in this picture:
a. Endometrium
b. Chorionic villi
c. Amniotic cavity
d.
Syncytiotrophobla
st
e. Cytotrophoblast
f. Blastocoele
g. Lacunae
14. Primitive streak
15. Mesoderm*
16. Allantois
17. Chorion
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18. How long is the human gestational period (from fertilization to parturition)?
a. How long is it if you calculate from the last menstrual period?
19. What is the term for rapid mitotic cell division without cell growth?
20. What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast? (Hint: Used to detect pregnancy)
21. Which part of the blastocyst will become the embryo?
22. Where are embryonic blood cells made?
23. Explain why the corpus luteum does not degenerate if an embryo implants into the uterus.
24. Define gastrulation.
25. List the structures that are formed by ectoderm.
26. List the structures that are formed by mesoderm.
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27. List the structures that are formed by endoderm.
Placenta
Identify these structures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
Chorionic villi
Maternal blood vessels
Syncytiotrophoblast
Amnion
Area filled with maternal blood
Decidua basalis of the endometrium
28. When is the placenta fully formed and functional?
29. Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in these umbilical vessels?
a. Two arteries
b. One vein
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30. What 6 hormones are secreted by the placenta and what are their functions?
Lab Practical II will be next week (week 10)!
The practical will cover all the material covered in the package for the last 4 weeks of lab





Term lists, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
Models
Images
Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)
75 questions : timed 3 minutes per station
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