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tumors
ABSTRACT:
is
activated
in
a
low
oxygen
environment or hypoxia.
The credential part of this paper gives the
theoretical application of nanodevices in
INTRODUCTION:
the
treatment of cancer. The latest technology for "This technology has the potential to replace
the treatment cancer is the chemotherapic
treatment
in
composition
which
is
drugs
given
to
of
the
existing manufacturing methods for
specific integrated circuits, which may reach their
patients practical limits within the next decade when
depending on the biopsy of the tumor from Moore's Law eventually hits a brick wall"
the patient. The main disadvantage of using
- Physicist Bernard Yurke of Bell Labs.
chemotherapy is that the drug used is not so
specific and hence it causes damage to the
surrounding healthy cells. It uses MAB, the
monoclonal antibodies to locate the affected
areas. To make the treatment more specific,
we use the nanodevices that use nanosensors
to be more specific in application of
chemotherapy to the malignant tumors,
With the introduction of nanotechnology we
say we are in for a new invention, but we
knew the concept of this technology from the
days of Darwin; even his findings were based
on this nanotechnology. There are many
evidences for the existence of the concept
nanotechnology.
thereby increasing the safety in usage ofWhat is nanotechnology?
chemotherapic
drugs.
Also
the
use
of
biomotors in the nanodevices increases the
oxygen content in the surrounding that
decreases the hypoxia environment. This is
given
more
importance
because
Nano is one billionth of one. Now we have the
so-called
microprocessors
and
micromanipulations that would reach the
nano level within a few decades.
the
angiogenesis or blood vessel formation for
Two more concepts commonly
associated with nanotechnology are

Positional assembly.

Self-replication.
The basic requirements of any technology would be to do any work with greater accuracy
and speed. This accuracy needs right programming of the nanocompf a DNA, which
arranges the adenine, guanine, cytosine and thiamine with hydrogen bonds in between
them, is self-explanatory for both self-replication and positional assembly.
NANO EVIDENCES:
 In 1990, IBM researchers showed that it is possible to manipulate single atoms.
They positioned 35 xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel crystal, using an
atomic force microscopy instrument. These positioned atoms spelled out the
letters "IBM".

In 1998, Los Alamos and MIT researchers managed to spread a single qubit
across three nuclear spins in each molecule of a liquid solution of alanine or
trichloroethylene molecules. Spreading out the qubit made it harder to corrupt,
allowing researchers to use embarrassment to study interactions between states
as an indirect method for analyzing the quantum information.
WHAT IS CANCER?
The human body is made up of many cellular units that worn out regularly. These worn
out cells are removed and new cells replaces the old existing cells by a cellular division
referred to as mitosis. Cancerous cells are those cells with boundless dividing capabilities
that affect the normal body put up. Cancer begins when there has been a permanent
change in the structure of DNA, referred to as the mutation. This change in gene structure
takes place in several steps given below.
A. Primary steps:
In this case Safety Systems fails. The cells communicate with each other by receptor organs
through the chemotherapic process, i.e. through chemical changes.
Proto-Oncogenes Become Oncogenes:
These messages referred to as the growth factor reaches the adjacent cells and activate the
genes known as Proto-Oncogenes, but the case of a mutated gene is referred to as simply
Oncogenes which gives message for repeated multiplication of cells, being the main
causative of cancerous cell growth.
Tumor Suppressor Genes Stop Working:
The adjacent cells produce the tumor suppressor activation to inhibit the growth of the
cells. At times this might also malfunction.
Cell Cycle Clock Malfunctions:
The cell nucleus contains a collection of interacting proteins that control cell division, called
the cell cycle clock that interprets the health of the cell for further processes. If DNA is
found damaged then the tumor suppressor gene destroys the cell.
Cells Achieve Immortality:
The normal life span of a cell is controlled within limits by the telomeres, a protector of
DNA that reduce in amount during each cell division. At a particular point, the DNA is
damaged and the cell is destroyed,causing an increase in the life span of the cell adding to
the tediousness.
B. Secondary steps:
This alone is not enough to produce cancer cause it has to survive a number of other safety
mechanisms that prevents the excessive cell growth.
Tumor Forms:
The tumor is a collection of cells without the aid of extracellular matrix for its survival,
which maintains a blood vessel network buy angiogenesis and serves as a cancer tissue.
Tumors Spread:
These malignant tumors spread to the entire region local to it and also affect the nearby
regions to form secondary growth or metastases.Thus the cancerous tissue is produced due
to mutations in the gene structure causing cancer in the affected regions.
How an anti-cancer drug works:
The goal of chemotherapy is to shrink primary tumors, slow the tumor growth, and kill
cancer cells that may have spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body from the
original, primary tumor. Chemotherapy kills both cancer and healthy cells.Anticancer
drugs destroy cancer cells by stopping them from growing .Chemotherapy, or the
administration of cancer-fighting drugs, such as taxol, has proven effective in destroying
breast cancer cells that have spread to other organs.
WHAT IS A MAB?
Monoclonal Antibody (MAb), laboratory-produced protein molecule used in medicine to
detect pregnancy; diagnose disease, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS), hepatitis, and various kinds of cancer; and treat conditions caused by toxins, or
poisonous substances, such as snake venom.They are also used in laboratories to track
proteins in experiments.
FIG: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
How is a MAb produced?
An antibody is a Y-shaped protein produced by a type of white blood cell known as a B cell.
B cells are produced in the bone marrow of the body.Mature B cells respond to foreign
substances called antigens. They then differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete
antibodies.
How MAbs work:
Antibodies neutralize or mark antigens for destruction with the help of other cells of the
immune system the system of organs, tissues, cells, and cell products, including antibodies,
responsible for ridding the body of disease-causing organisms or substances. Antibodies
perform their work by attaching, or binding, to specific parts of antigens.
A monoclonal antibody is created in the laboratory by fusing, or joining together, a
normal B cell, which normally dies within a few weeks, and a cancerous B cell, which lives
indefinitely. Normal mouse B cells and mouse myeloma cells were grown together in a
laboratory culture.
Where MAbs are used:
To help diagnose cancers hidden in the body, radioactive substances are attached to MAbs
that recognize and target cancer cells. These MAbs are then injected into a patient’s
body.A special machine that uses film sensitive to radioactivity is used to take an internal
picture of the patient’s body. This image reveals any cells to which the MAbs attached,
indicating the presence of cancer.
How hypoxia induces the growth of cancerous cells:
In response to a low-oxygen environment, cancer cells send out growth signals that result
in increased angiogenesis.It is an established fact that a low-oxygen environment promotes
tumor growth. The first step in correcting hypoxia is to guard against anemia. Anemia is
common in cancer patients, and the result is that less oxygen is delivered to the tumor, that
is, hypoxia. Chemotherapy often induces anemia that then exacerbates hypoxia in the
tumor.Since cancer cells thrive in a hypoxic environment, the cancer patient's hematocrit
and hemoglobin should be maintained in the upper one-third range of normal prior to the
initiation of chemotherapy.
What is an ATP?
Boyer helped explain the complicated molecular process in which the enzyme, called ATP
synthase.When the body processes nutrients from food or sunlight, chemical energy is
released. The enzyme ATP synthase absorbs that energy, converts it into the fuel-like
ATP.ATP synthase transfers energy to ATP molecules by adding a phosphate ion to an
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule. Bonding phosphate to ADP produces ATP and
makes the molecule more stable, increasing its potential energy.
Rotary motion of ATP:
The structure of an ATP synthase molecule is described as a three-sectioned assembly. The
lower section is shaped like a wheel and is attached to the membrane of the cell. The rod
like second section connects the wheel to the top section, a ball-shaped six-chambered
structure. The top section is fixed in place by a thin filament that reaches down and
connects to the cell membrane. The top two sections of the enzyme extend into the cell. Cell
respiration releases hydrogen ions into the liquid surrounding the cells.Bottom, cylindrical
part of the enzyme is located in the cell membrane, and the top two parts extend into the
cell.
Function of ATP:
ATP increases the oxygen content in the local environment there by decreasing the
possibilities of hypoxia and there reducing the spread of cancer tumors and the formation
of vascular blood vessels the spread of cancer tumors and the formation of vascular blood
vessels.
Nano Motor:
Biomolecular nanomotor is to be used for the transportation of chemotherapic drugs in
our case. It uses the concept of ATP synthesis that serves for two purposes.F0 portion that
enables proton translocation, and a hydrophilic F1 portion that facilitates ATP synthesis
and hydrolysis. As protons flow through F0, the γ-subunit of F1 ATPase rotates clockwise
and the ATP is synthesized.
The Nano-sensors:
The ability of medical nanodevices to measure both absolute temperature and changes in temperature .Precision thermal sensing
is also important within nanoscale devices to provide corrective input for pressure, chemical, and displacement sensors, and to
improve the stability of onboard clocks.The area of chemical microsensors is well developed, and there
is increasing research interest in nanoscale chemical sensors "chemosensors" and
"biosensors”. The most common nanomedical application of chemical sensors will be to
measure the concentration of specific molecules and biopolymers in aqueous solvent -whether in blood serum, interstitial fluid, or cytosol.
NANOSENSORS PRODUCTION THRO’ T4 BACTERIOPHAGE:
The recent trends in the field of nanotechnology have been recognized by the developed
nations in the world.There are a humpty number of projects in the laboratories all over the
world for implement
this nanotechnology in the field of medical sciences.To develop a nano level sensor it takes
much of time and also the efficiency is not good.
The present situation has the following ways for treatment of cancer

Chemotherapic drugs

Immunology

Radiotherapy
The treatment of cancer using nanotechnology uses the following type of sensors

Fluorescence sensor

Temperature sensor

Pressure sensor

Chemical sensor
Here we have provided an algorithm for the treatment of the same using the present
technological advancements already implemented.
The algorithm includes :

Use of Monoclonal Antibodies (MAb) for the detection of cancerous areas, the
present radiation detection method.

Use of the nanosensor that detects the presence of such radiation in the body
parts, the concept of which has to be devised.

Administration of drugs in these affected areas that are detected by the
nanosensors, through Brownian movements.

Removal of these radiation compounds effectively through these nanosensors.

If we use some kind of nanotube that has the characteristics of being attracted
by the radiation components then the couple of nanotubes being used would be
attracted by these compounds .
The recent development could be used effectively for the sensor production through

Self-evolution process, Darwin’s theory of evolution.
 Genetically decoding and encoding the T4 bacteriophage to change its
characteristics.
IMPLEMENTATION
OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY
IN
CANCER
TREATMENT:
In this case we could use the nanorobots, specially designed nanodevices that could carry
the chemotherapic drugs for the treatment of cancer cells and also to improve the MAb
contents in these robots thereby improving the efficiency of the chemotherapy in cancer
treatment, which has been a major problem in today’s treatment techniques. Also the use
of ATP powered biomotors used for nanodevices create a low hypoxia environment that
decreases the danger of spreading of tumor to other regions. The chemotherapic drugs are
injected into the patient that along with the MAb are used to identify the affected areas
thereby making a localized perception of the cancer tissue.Then the nanosensors used
identify the temperature variation in the local environment that detects the specific areas of
infection that could be used for application of chemotherapic drugs. The hypoxia is
decreased in the local environment, due to the use of bio motors in nano devices that helps
in controlling the further spreading of tumor. Thus nanotechnology is implemented in the
biomedical field for treatment of cancer.
CONCLUSION:
The paper is just a theoretical justification. But the recent advancement in the field of
nanotechnology gives the hope of the effective use of this technology in medical field. This
paper starts by giving an introduction to nanotechnology and its importance as recognized
by various other technocrats. This is the beginning of nanoera and we could expect
further improvements such as cure to AIDS using nanotechnology.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Immunology by Kuby.

Engines of Creation by Eric K. Drexler.
 “Viruses are keys to nanotechnology” Publication of National Science Foundation.
Web searchs:
 www.zyvex.com

www.foresight.com