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CANCER UNIT Cancer has touched the lives of many people. The purpose of this unit is to help you understand cancer. FILL IN THE BLANK start with the left column • • • • • • • • • CELLS DIVIDE NEW DAMAGED OLD CELLS NUCLEUS JOB DIVIDE WHEN TO QUIT DIVIDING • • • • • • • • • • • NUCLEUS UNABLE GROW OUT OF CONTROL CANCER HEALTHY MASS LUMP TUMOR BLOOD STREAM BLOOD LYMPH SYSTEM 4 MOST COMMON CANCERS • • • • BREAST COLON LUNG PROSTATE UNIT VOCABULARY • Tumor - groups of cells that divide too much and form masses. – Benign Tumor – not cancerous, can interfere with body functions, surgery to remove, does not spread. – Malignant Tumor – cancerous, spreads to other body parts and destroys normal tissues. • Metastasize – a malignant tumor breaking away to other parts of the body, the cancer spreading. • Vocab cont. • Oncologist – doctor specializing in cancer care. • Biopsy – removal of cells for examination. • Oncogene - promoter in a DNA strand that turns a normal cells into a cancer cell. Vocab cont. • Carcinogen – substance that promotes cancer, 3 types • – Chemical – metals, drugs, chemicals (in cigarettes) • – Biological – viruses that attack normal cells (AIDS) • – Physical – (environmental) exposure to radiation, asbestos • Remission – decrease in symptoms of a disease (cancer) WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE CAUSES? • Behavior and Environment • 80 % related to this factor, ex. Eating habits, tobacco use, excessive alcohol, air quality, exposure to chemicals, over exposure to the sun • Heredity • 5-7 % family related factor, certain types of cancer may be a family’s history • Viruses • Have been linked to lymphatic type cancer, HIV is a virus leading to AIDS, These victims have a hard time fighting cancer cells, ex. Hodgkin’s disease TREATMENTS • Surgery – removal of a mass or lump by operating (sometimes does not remove all of the cancer) • TREATMENTS CONT. • Chemotherapy – using chemicals (chemo) to kill cancer cells used when cancer can’t be surgically removed • Common side effects of chemotherapy Anemia – affects 50 %, reduces red blood cells which carry oxygen (fatigue, pale, dizzy,weakness) Depression – from emotional stress Hair loss- some chemotherapy kills hair cells, will grow back after treatments are over Loss of appetite – affects cells og digestive system, taste affected Nausea and vomiting – TREATMENTS CONT. • Radiation – using x-rays to reduce tumor size before surgery or to destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery, disadvantage (will destroy surrounding healthy cells) • Immunotherapy – new technology to stimulate the immune system so your body can fight the cancer SKIN CANCER • Carcinoma – cancer that begins in cells that cover the organs (skin) • • 2 types melanoma and nonmelanoma • NONMELANOMA – 2 TYPES – Basal cell carcinoma – most common skin cancer, 95 % caused by sun exposure, slow growing, seldom spreads to other parts of the body. • – Squamous cell carcinoma – similar to basal cell • • Melanoma – less common but more serious than non. skin cancer that spreads often to internal tissues and/or organs (METASTASIS), most serious skin cancer, from sun exposure and blistering, painful sunburns especially when young ABCD Rule to help you remember the important signs of melanoma • A = ASYMMETRY – one half does not match the other half (fig. 2) • • B = BORDER IRREGULARITY – the edges are ragged, notched, blurred (fig. 3) • • C = COLOR – The pigmentation is not uniform. Shades of tan, brown, black are present. Red, white and blue may add to the mottled appearance (fig. 4) • • D = DIAMETER GREATER THAN 6 MILLIMETERS – Any sudden or continuing increase in size should be of special concern (fig. 5) THE 7 WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER – C A U T I O N • • • • • • • Change in bowel or bladder A sore that doesn’t heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump Indigestion that is persistent Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough LIFESTYLE AND CANCER • Risk Factors - exposure to dangers • Tobacco – single greatest cause of cancer, responsible for 75-85% of lung cancers, most common fatal cancer in US • Secondary smoke – smoke inhaled as a result of being next to people who smoke • Diet and nutrition – high fat diets, charred foods contain carcinogenic tars, obesity is a risk factor • Alcohol consumption – alcohol is a promoter, promoters cause healthy cells to turn cancerous • Sunlight – over exposure to UV rays, main cause of skin cancer, SPF 15+ reduces the risk, fair skinned at greater risk due to less melanin in pigment (melanin blocks UV rays) EXAMINATIONS • Breast Self Exam • Colon and rectal exam • Testicular exam • Pap Test (cervix) • Skin examination IDEAS TO CUT YOUR CANCER RISK • fruits, berries, broccoli, tomatoes, garlic, olive oil, grapes, bran, cold water fish, soy, green tea, ***cruciferous • Use whole wheat rather than white flour • walking and jogging • Avoid alcohol • for weight control • use low fat and avoid frying • Use less salt • they contain carcinogens • Refrigerate foods quickly • Eat foods that contain antioxidants (compounds that protect DNA)