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CANCER UNIT
Cancer has touched the lives of many
people. The purpose of this unit is to
help you understand cancer.
FILL IN THE BLANK
start with the left column
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CELLS
DIVIDE
NEW
DAMAGED
OLD CELLS
NUCLEUS
JOB
DIVIDE
WHEN TO QUIT DIVIDING
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NUCLEUS
UNABLE
GROW OUT OF CONTROL
CANCER
HEALTHY
MASS
LUMP
TUMOR
BLOOD STREAM
BLOOD
LYMPH SYSTEM
4 MOST COMMON CANCERS
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BREAST
COLON
LUNG
PROSTATE
UNIT VOCABULARY
• Tumor - groups of cells that divide too much and
form masses.
– Benign Tumor – not cancerous, can interfere with
body functions, surgery to remove, does not
spread.
– Malignant Tumor – cancerous, spreads to other
body parts and destroys normal tissues.
• Metastasize – a malignant tumor breaking away to
other parts of the body, the cancer spreading.
•
Vocab cont.
• Oncologist – doctor specializing in cancer
care.
• Biopsy – removal of cells for examination.
• Oncogene - promoter in a DNA strand
that turns a normal cells into a cancer
cell.
Vocab cont.
• Carcinogen – substance that promotes cancer, 3
types
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– Chemical – metals, drugs, chemicals (in cigarettes)
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– Biological – viruses that attack normal cells (AIDS)
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– Physical – (environmental) exposure to radiation,
asbestos
• Remission – decrease in symptoms of a disease
(cancer)
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE CAUSES?
• Behavior and Environment
• 80 % related to this factor, ex. Eating habits, tobacco
use, excessive alcohol, air quality, exposure to
chemicals, over exposure to the sun
• Heredity
• 5-7 % family related factor, certain types of cancer
may be a family’s history
• Viruses
• Have been linked to lymphatic type cancer, HIV is a
virus leading to AIDS, These victims have a hard time
fighting cancer cells, ex. Hodgkin’s disease
TREATMENTS
• Surgery – removal of a mass or lump by
operating (sometimes does not remove all of
the cancer)
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TREATMENTS CONT.
• Chemotherapy – using chemicals (chemo) to kill
cancer cells used when cancer can’t be surgically
removed
• Common side effects of chemotherapy
Anemia – affects 50 %, reduces red blood cells
which carry oxygen (fatigue, pale, dizzy,weakness)
Depression – from emotional stress
Hair loss- some chemotherapy kills hair cells, will
grow back after treatments are over
Loss of appetite – affects cells og digestive system, taste
affected
Nausea and vomiting –
TREATMENTS CONT.
• Radiation – using x-rays to reduce tumor size
before surgery or to destroy remaining cancer
cells after surgery, disadvantage (will destroy
surrounding healthy cells)
• Immunotherapy – new technology to
stimulate the immune system so your body
can fight the cancer
SKIN CANCER
• Carcinoma – cancer that begins in cells that cover the organs (skin)
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• 2 types melanoma and nonmelanoma
• NONMELANOMA – 2 TYPES
– Basal cell carcinoma – most common skin cancer, 95 % caused by sun
exposure, slow growing, seldom spreads to other parts of the body.
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– Squamous cell carcinoma – similar to basal cell
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• Melanoma – less common but more serious than non. skin cancer
that spreads often to internal tissues and/or organs (METASTASIS),
most serious skin cancer, from sun exposure and blistering, painful
sunburns especially when young
ABCD Rule to help you remember the
important signs of melanoma
• A = ASYMMETRY – one half does not match the other half
(fig. 2)
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• B = BORDER IRREGULARITY – the edges are ragged,
notched, blurred (fig. 3)
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• C = COLOR – The pigmentation is not uniform. Shades of
tan, brown, black are present. Red, white and blue may
add to the mottled appearance (fig. 4)
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• D = DIAMETER GREATER THAN 6 MILLIMETERS – Any
sudden or continuing increase in size should be of special
concern (fig. 5)
THE 7 WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER –
C A U T I O N
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Change in bowel or bladder
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump
Indigestion that is persistent
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough
LIFESTYLE AND CANCER
• Risk Factors - exposure to dangers
• Tobacco – single greatest cause of cancer, responsible for 75-85% of
lung cancers, most common fatal cancer in US
• Secondary smoke – smoke inhaled as a result of being next to people
who smoke
• Diet and nutrition – high fat diets, charred foods contain carcinogenic
tars, obesity is a risk factor
• Alcohol consumption – alcohol is a promoter, promoters cause healthy
cells to turn cancerous
• Sunlight – over exposure to UV rays, main cause of skin cancer, SPF 15+
reduces the risk, fair skinned at greater risk due to less melanin in
pigment (melanin blocks UV rays)
EXAMINATIONS
• Breast Self Exam
• Colon and rectal exam
• Testicular exam
• Pap Test (cervix)
• Skin examination
IDEAS TO CUT YOUR CANCER RISK
• fruits, berries, broccoli,
tomatoes, garlic, olive
oil, grapes, bran, cold
water fish, soy, green
tea, ***cruciferous
• Use whole wheat
rather than white flour
• walking and jogging
• Avoid alcohol
• for weight control
• use low fat and
avoid frying
• Use less salt
• they contain
carcinogens
• Refrigerate foods
quickly
• Eat foods that
contain antioxidants
(compounds that
protect DNA)