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Chapter 12
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Definition: an abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells or
tissue that can lead to death.
 Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no purpose.
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Benign versus malignant tumors
 Benign tumor: mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents
their penetration of other tissues.
 Malignant tumor: (Neoplasm) cancerous, can invade surrounding
tissues.
 Every case of cancer begins as a change in a cell that allows it to grow
and divide when it should not.
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Metastasis: Primary tumor
 Definition: the spreading of cancer cells, occurs
because cancer cells do not stick to each other as
strongly as normal cells.
▪ Cells break away from primary tumor and invade
surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and
lymphatic system.
▪ Secondary tumor or metastases
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 Classified according to the types of cells.
▪ Initially retain some of the original properties of the host cell.
▪ Carcinomas - most common - arises from the epithelial tissue
that cover body surfaces. Linings, tubes, cavities and secretion
glands.
▪ Sarcomas: arise in connective and fibrous tissues. Bone, muscle,
cartilage and membranes covering muscle or fat.
▪ Lymphomas: Cancers of the lymph nodes (neck, armpit, and
groin).
▪ Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow.
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1.4 million Americans are diagnosed yearly
More than half will be cured.
About 40% will die as a result of cancer.
1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will be develop cancer
during their lifetime.
 American Cancer Society estimates
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 90% of skin cancer could have been prevented
 87% of lung cancer could have been prevented
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Most common cause of cancer death in the U.S.
 162,000 deaths per year
 Risk Factors
▪ Tobacco smoking contributes to 87%.
▪ Combined with environmental carcinogens multiply by a factor of 10.
 Detection and Treatment (Difficult to detect)
▪ Symptoms are not detected until cancer has reached the invasive
stage.
▪ Persistent cough, chest pain, or recurring bronchitis.
▪ Diagnosis - chest x-ray or sputum examination - fiber-optic
bronchosectomy.
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Treatment:
 Difficult to treat.
 Caught early treated by surgery
▪ Only 16% are detected prior to
spreading
▪ Radiation and chemotherapy are
used in addition
 Detected early 50% of patients
are alive for approximately 5
more years.
 Overall the survival rate is only
15%
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Second leading cancer causing
death.
 Risk Factors
▪ Directly linked to diet and
genetic predisposition.
▪ 90% occurs after 50 yr. of age.
▪ Heredity
▪ Lifestyle
▪ Up to 1/3 of the population is
genetically prone.
 Detection and Treatment
▪ Diet low in fat and High in fiber
▪ Screening
▪ Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
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Second most common cancer in women
Causes almost as many deaths in women as lung cancer
1:7 American women will develop it during her lifetime (213,000).
1:30 Will die from the disease (41,000 deaths).
 Risk Factors
Most common in women over 50
▪ 5 year survival rate is 79%
▪ Common causes: Genetic predisposition, High fat, High calorie diet
and Sedentary lifestyle, Alcohol use, early onset of menstruation,
First child after 30 and obesity
▪ Estrogen-cancer in estrogen-responsive sites
▪
http://www.videojug.com/interview/breast-cancer-basics
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Detection and Treatment
 Early detection.
▪ Monthly breast self-exam for all women over 20.
▪ Clinical breast exam by a physician every 3 yr.
▪ Mammography- Every 1-2 years 40-50 yr. old.
▪ Over 50 every year.
 Treatment
▪ Ultrasonography
▪ Biopsied
 Survival rate
▪ 98% if the cells did not metastasized
▪ 88% for all stages at 5 years
▪ 80% at 10 years
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Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUoqsBxgXWI
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Most common cancer in men.
235,000 new cases per year
More than 27,000 deaths per year
 Risk Factors
▪ Age
▪ Diet
▪ Lifestyle
▪ Genetic predisposition
 Early detection is key. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood test
 Treatment - surgical removal of the prostate and radiation
 Survival
▪ All stages near 100% after 5 years
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=5103355n
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Cervical cancer - sexually transmitted.
▪ Most cases stem from infection by the papillomavirus transmitted by unprotected sex.
▪ Smoking
▪ Infection by genital herpes
 Cervical cancer most common in women in their 20’s and 30’s.
▪ Factors: sexual intercourse before 18, multiple sex partners,
cigarette smoking and low socioeconomic status.
 Screening:
▪ PAP Test
▪ Cervical dysplasia
▪ All sexually active women ages 18-65 should be tested
 Treatment
▪ Surgery
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Uterine, or Endometrial:
 Occurs after 55
 Risk factors similar to breast cancer
 Determined by Pelvic Exam
 Treatment is surgery
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Ovarian Cancer:
 Difficult to detect and diagnosis, No warning signs
 Family history or genetic factors
 Determined
▪ Pelvic Exam
▪ Blood test – tumor marker called CA-125
 Treatment is surgery & radiation
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Most common form
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1 million cases per year
62,000 are melanoma
Easily detected and highly curable
Exposure to ultraviolet rays during
childhood
 Common cause - sunburns and
suntans
 Types:
▪ Squamous and basal cell
carcinomas
▪ Melanoma - more dangerous
form
 Prevention
▪ Avoid long term overexposure to
sunlight
▪ Blistering and peeling sunburns
 Detection and Treatment
▪ ABCD screen test
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsznOhIs-6E
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http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=5661274
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Chapter 12
Basal cell carcinoma on cheek
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Moles vs. Melanoma
Melanoma
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The Role of DNA
 Each cells has 23 pairs of chromosomes
▪ Each controls the way a cell will work
▪ A gene
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DNA Mutations and Cancer
 Changes the way the cells function
 Mutagens – radiation, certain viruses and
chemical substances
 Oncogenes – a gene involved in the
transformation of a normal cell into cancer
 Tumor suppressor genes – type of
oncogene that restrains cellular growth
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Dietary Fat and Meat
 High in fat and meat has a direct impact of rates of
cancers.
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Alcohol
Fried Foods
Dietary Fiber
Fruits and Vegetables
▪
▪
▪
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Anticarcinogens
Carotenoids
Antioxidants versus Free radicals
Phytochemicals
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Ingested Chemicals
Environmental and Industrial pollution
Radiation - UV rays or man made
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Detecting:
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Diagnosing:
A sore that does not heal
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Unusual bleeding or
discharge
Biopsy
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Computed tomography (CT)
Ultrasonography
Treatment:
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Self-monitoring
CAUTION acronym
Change in bowel/bladder
habits
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
New and Experimental:
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Gene therapy
Bone marrow and Stem Cell
transplants
 Biological therapies
 Proteasome inhibitors
 Enzyme activators/blockers
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Thickening of tissues
(schlerotic change)
Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing
Obvious change in a
wart/mole
Nagging cough
http://video.healthination.com/answers/cancer-treatments.html
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Lifestyle choices
 Avoid tobacco
 Controlling diet and weight
 Regular exercise
 Protecting skin from the sun
 Avoiding environmental and occupational carcinogens
Recommended screening tests
 Be aware of the early signs and symptoms
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Chapter 12 Connect Worksheet Due on
Wednesday, December 5th