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air mass large body of air that has the same characteristics of temperature and moisture content as the part of Earth's surface over which it formed the weight of the air pressing at a given location air pressure Asthenosphere Atmosphere the "oobleck" the soft layer within the mantle that flows like a thick liquid - plastic like layer of Earth on which the lithosphere plates float and move around The mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth or some other celestial body. A region drained by a river and the streams that flow into it. Basin Climate average weather pattern in an area over a long period of time; can be classified by temperature, humidity, precipitation and vegetation chemical weathering a process that break down rock into smaller pieces as a result of chemical reactions - occurs when chemical reactions dissolve the minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals cold front continental drift convection current The forward edge of an advancing mass of cold air that pushes under a mass of warm air. Wegener's hypothesis that all continents were once connected in a single, large landmass that broke apart about 200 million years ago and drifted slowly to their current positions current in Earth's mantle that transfers heat in Earth's interior and is the driving force for plate tectonics continental crust convection convergent boundary Coriolis Effect contour line the lighter, older and thicker part of the crust which makes up the continents transfer of heat that occurs when particles move between objects or areas of different temperatures (convection in mantle= how mantle moves/plate tectonics, oceans=deep ocean currents, atmosphere=winds) A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving toward each other. causes moving air and ocean currents to turn right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere due to Earth's rotation a line on a topographic map that connects areas with the same elevation the difference in elevation between any two contour lines contour interval crustal feature Features found on the Earth’s surface that are caused by movement of plates. current A flowing movement in a liquid or gas, especially one that follows a recognizable course. deep current a convection current in the ocean that results from differences in temperature and density delta A usually triangular mass of sediment; especially silt and sand, deposited at the mouth of a river. density current deposition forms when more dense seawater sinks beneath less dense seawater dropping of sediment that occurs when an agent of erosion, such as gravity, glacier, wind or water, loses its energy and can no longer carry its load An area that is sunk below its surroundings; a hollow. depression divergent boundary drainage basin A tectonic boundary where two plates are moving away from each other and new crust is forming from magma that rises to the Earth’s surface between the two plates. land area from which a river or stream collects runoff earthquake a series of vibrations induced in the earth's crust by the abrupt rupture and rebound of rocks in which elastic strain has been slowly accumulating. the flowing back of the tide as the water returns to the sea ebb El Nino elevation climatic event that begins in the tropical Pacific Ocean, can occur when trade winds weaken or reverse and can disrupt normal temperature and precipitation patterns around the world the altitude of a place above sea level or ground level a break, crack in earth's surface along which rock has moved fault fold erosion flow (flood tide) Front global pattern a ripple in earth's crust formed when rock layers are squeezed together and pushed upward Process in which surface materials are moved from one place to another by agents such as gravity, water, wind and glaciers. period between low tide and high tide, during which water flows toward the shore boundary between two air masses with different temperatures, density or moisture can be cold, warm, occluded and stationary something that happens all over the Earth in a similar fashion a wind that blows steadily in a path for thousands of kilometers global winds Hemisphere one half of a sphere, formed by a plane that passes through the center of the sphere an area where the air is slowly sinking high pressure area a tide when the water is at its highest level high tide the amount of water vapor in the air humidity hurricane large, severe storm that forms over warm tropical oceans, has winds of at least 120 km/hr and loses power when it reaches land or travels over cold water an area of volcanic activity near the middle of a tectonic plate hot spot ice wedging Jet Stream La Nina a type of mechanical weathering process that occurs when water freezes in the cracks of rocks and expands, causing the rock to break apart narrow belt of strong winds that blows near the top of the troposphere a cooling of the surface water of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, occurring every 4 to 12 years and causing unusual weather patters melted rock that reaches the earth's surface lava lithosphere earth's crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle, rigid layer of Earth about 100 km thick, made of the crust and a part of the upper mantle a tide when the water is at its lowest level low tide an area where the air is slowly rising low pressure hot, melted rock material beneath Earth's surface magma mechanical weathering mid ocean ridge neap tide physical process that breaks rocks apart without changing their chemical makeup can be caused by ice wedging, animals and plant roots a large chain of volcanic mountains on the ocean floor, formed where lava erupted between oceanic plates a tide with the least difference between high tide and low tide (know the position of earth, moon and sun - they are at right angles - either 1st or 3rd quarter) pollution that has more than one source/location non-point source pollution the rock that makes up the ocean floor oceanic crust a part of earth's surface covered by ocean water ocean basin the vast body of salt water that covers almost three fourths of the earth's surface ocean two different temperature fronts that create a front occluded front oxidation Pangaea chemical weathering process that occurs when metallic material is exposed to oxygen and water over time large, ancient landmass that was composed of all the continents joined together plate plate boundary plate tectonics large section of Earth's oceanic or continental crust and rigid upper mantle that moves around on the asthenosphere Earth's lithosphere (the crust and upper mantle) is divided into a number of large, plate like sections that move as distinct masses. theory that Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into plates that float and move around on a plastic like layer on the mangle one source of pollution that you find point source pollution pressure continuous force applied to a gas, liquid, or solid by another gas, liquid, or solid rift valley a valley that forms as two continental plates pull apart and new crust forms in the space between them Rainfall not absorbed by soil. runoff a photograph taken from a satellite satellite image seafloor spreading sediment Hess's theory that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge, the process in which new ocean floor forms form magma released at boundaries between two oceanic plates small pieces of broken-down rock that win or water deposits in a new place sedimentary rock stationary front surface current Tide spring tide rock formed when layers of sediment are compacted and cemented together a front between warm and cold air masses that is moving very slowly or not at all ocean current caused by the wind - that usually moves only the upper few hundred meters of seawater regular, rhythmic rise and fall in sea level created by the gravitational attraction of Earth and the Moon as well as Earth and the Sun. when the earth moon and sun are in a straight line and it makes a tide with the greatest difference between high tide and low tide transform boundary theory of plate tectonics occur when tectonic plates slide and grind against each other along a transform fault. The relative motion of such plates is horizontal. a theory stating that earth's crust is made up of several rigid plates that move on the asthenonsophere topographic map a map that shows the elevation of natural and artificial features of a region subduction zone the region where one tectonic plate slides under another tectonic plate tornado violent, whirling windstorm that crosses land in a narrow path and can result from wind shears inside a thunderhead warm front watershed weather weathering weather system a transition zone between a mass of warm air and the colder air it is replacing an area of land that drains into a stream, river, lake or other body of water state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place; determined by factors including air pressure, amount of moisture in the air, temperature and wind mechanical or chemical surface process that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces Different air pressure, temperature and moisture that create weather or natural disasters.