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June 22, 2015 AM
GENERAL FORMAT: MULTIPLE CHOICE
DIAGRAMS/CHARTS
GRAPHING
BRING WITH YOU: PENCIL
CALCULATOR
LS REFERENCE TABLE (provided)
Keys to Studying:
 Find a quiet place without distractions
 Organize your materials: notes, labs, quizzes, and tests
 Identify concepts you need work on and limit the time you spend on things you
already know
 Study in short increments (10-20 min), then change methods. Setting a timer might
help you with this.
 Review nightly, rather than cramming
 Make your studying active - create games, quizzes, songs, motions, sketches etc.
 Your brain seeks patterns color-coding and organizing information into charts and
tables will help you remember it in the future
Resources:
 Use your notes, labs, quizzes, and tests – the final exam is based on what you have
learned this year
 Use your LS Reference Table, it is a valuable tool
 Ms. Menegio’s website (SCIENCE 7 and SCIENCE 7 REVIEW)
 Castle Learning – create your own quizzes and vocabulary reviews
 Study Stack (www.studystack.com) - create your own puzzles and review games
Life Science Skills
 Be certain to remember the “Rules for Graphing” including: heading, title, labeled
axis’, use of a pencil and ruler, scale and key.
 Be able to translate a piece of DNA for protein synthesis:
DNA  RNA  AMINO ACID
 Be able to use a metric ruler, triple-beam balance and graduated cylinder to measure
length, mass, and volume of an object.
 What are the parts of the microscope? What are the functions of these parts?
 How should a microscope be carried and prepared for storage?
 Be able to focus on object under scanning, low, or high power magnification.
 Be able to determine total magnification: TOTAL MAG = OCULAR X OBJECTIVE
 Be able to determine the field of view and size of an object under magnification:
ESTIMATED SIZE =
FIELD OF VIEW (mm)
# OF TIMES THE OBJECT FITS
IN THE FIELD OF VIEW
Outline of Topics for the Life Science Written Exam
CELL BIOLOGY AND MICROSCOPY (~25%)
 LANGUAGE: How do the Ancient Greek/Latin languages impact our understanding of
the natural world?
o Know how to use the PURPLE sheet to decode a scientific term.
 Laboratory Tools: Be able to identify and know the use of basic laboratory tools
 Microscope: See Practical Section
 Measurement: Be able to measure, length, volume and mass
 Characteristics of Life
o What are the characteristics of life?
INTERNAL/EXTERNAL MOVEMENT
REPRODUCTION
GROWTH
RESPONSE TO STIMULUS
METABOLISM
ADAPTATION
o Be able to define and state examples of each.
 Micro-organisms: compare similarities and differences in single-celled organisms
o Including Monerans, Protists, and Fungi
o Define and give examples of the following terms PROKARYOTES, EUKARYOTES,
AUTOTROPHS, HETEROTROPHS, UNICELLULAR and MULTI-CELLULAR
organisms
 Cell Theory: Know the three parts by heart.
 Cell Structure: Be able to recognize cell organelles in a diagram and state the
function of these organelles.
o CELL MEMBRANE, NUCLEUS, CYTOPLASM, MITOCHONDRIA, CELL WALL,
CHLOROPLASTS, GOLGI BODIES, RIBOSOMES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM,
LYSOSOMES
 Animal vs. Plant Cells: What are the differences and similarities between animal and
plant cells?
 Cell Transport: How and why do molecules move across the cell membrane?
o Identify specific structures of the cell membrane involved in transport such as
lipids and carrier proteins
o Label a cell membrane model
o Define semi-permeable, diffusion, osmosis, passive transport and active
transport.
 Cell Energy: How does a cell develop energy for itself? What are the similarities and
differences between fermentation and respiration?
o How does a cell produce ATP through fermentation and respiration.
 Cell Division: Mitosis: How does a cell replicate?
o Be familiar with the phases of mitosis and the changes that occur within a cell
during these phases.
o INTERPHASE  PROPHASE  METAPHASE  ANAPHASE  TELOPHASE
o Be able to recognize these phases by photos or diagrams.
GENETICS (~25%)
 Biochemistry: Be familiar with general chemical structures and their importance to
living organisms (EX. CO2, O2, amino acids, glucose)
o Be able to read a Periodic Table of Elements
o Know the difference between ORGANIC and INORGANIC molecules
o Know how INDICATORS are used to identify the presence of certain chemicals
 Principles of Genetics: What are inheritable traits and how are they transmitted from
one generation to the next?
o What is an inheritable trait? What is a gene? What is meiosis?
 ½ DNA + ½ DNA = 1 whole DNA
 Structure of DNA: Be familiar with the structure of DNA. What is a nucleotide?
(phosphate – 5-carbon sugar – nitrogenous bases.) Be familiar with how bases are
linked. (adenine bonds to thymine (A-T); cytosine bonds with guanine (C-G))
 DNA Replication: How is RNA different from DNA? What is uracil?
o Be able to use a flow chart to describe the processes taken by a cell to
synthesize proteins from a strand of DNA
 Transcription
 Codon Formation
 Translation
o What occurs in a cell when proteins are synthesized?
 Genotypes and Phenotypes: How are they represented (Ex: BB = brown eyes)?
o How is a dominant gene different from a recessive gene?
o Be familiar with how genotypes are represented?
 Homozygous dominant/purebred dominant (Ex: BB)
 Homozygous recessive/purebred recessive (Ex: bb)
 Heterozygous/hybrid (Ex: Bb)
 Variations in Gene Expression: special cases
o Dominance
o Co-dominance (mixed appearance)
o Incomplete Dominance (blending)
o Multiple Alleles (Ex. Blood type)
o Sex-linked traits (Ex. Hemophilia, color blindness)
 Predicting Genetics: Be familiar with how to use a Punnett Square to determine
genetic probabilities.
 Genetic Counseling: Be familiar with how to design and/or interpret a genetic
pedigree.
 Topics in Modern Genetics: How do these impact our lives today?
o Selective breeding/Inbreeding
o Cloning
o Genetic Engineering
o Forensic Applications
ECOLOGY (~25%)
 Principles of Ecology: Define ECOSYSTEM, COMMUNITY, POPULATION, BIOME and
NICHE
 What are BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors? How do they impact an ecosystem?
 Food Webs and Energy Pyramids: Be able to interpret information from a food web.
 Define PRODUCER, CONSUMER and DECOMPOSER
 How does energy flow through a food web?
 Be able to construct an ENERGY PYRAMID to reflect a single food chain from a food
web. Be able to interpret information from an ENERGY PYRAMID.
o As you climb the energy pyramid, energy levels decrease as does the
population size of organisms.
o The sun and decomposers are not placed in an energy pyramid.
 Interactions within an Ecosystem:
o Competition – within and between species
o Predator vs. Prey Relationships
o SYMBIOSIS: What is symbiosis? Define and state examples of the three
forms: MUTUALISM, COMMENSALISM, PARASITISM.
 Photosynthesis – What are the ingredients necessary for a plant to go through
photosynthesis? What are the products of it?
o Be able to recognize the chemical formula for photosynthesis:
sun
6H2O + 6CO2  C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
 Cycles of Matter: Be able to recognize and/or design the following cycles:
o CO2/O2 Cycle – how are PHOTOSYNTHESIS and RESPIRATION involved in the
cycling of these essential gases
o Water Cycle – how are the following processes involved in the cycling of water
on Earth: EVAPORATION, TRANSPIRATION, CONDENSATION, RUN-OFF,
ABSORPTION, GROUNDWATER
o Nitrogen Cycle  Human Impact: Provide examples as to how humans positively and negatively impact
ecosystems of the world.
 Biomes of the World:
 Define the terms BIOME, TERRESTRIAL, and AQUATIC
 Be able to identify and characterize the major terrestrial and aquatic biomes
 Evolution: Describe how changes in the environment can lead to adaptations and
eventually the evolution of species.
o Explain natural selection
o Evidence for natural selection: fossils, comparative anatomy and embryology,
and genetics
THE HUMAN BODY (~25%)
 Homeostasis: To maintain a stable internal environment optimal for survival
o Lock and Key – how do cell membranes, hormones, enzymes and immune
responses use a lock and key system to regulate the human body
o Negative Feedback Systems – how can opposition be used to maintain balance
o Give examples of negative feedback systems
 Organization in Multi-cellular Organisms:
o CELL  TISSUE  ORGAN  ORGAN SYSTEM  ORGANISM
o Be able to identify tissue types: Muscle, Connective, Nervous, and Epithelial
 The Skeletal System:
o What are the five functions of the skeleton?
o Describe the structures found in moveable joints of the body
(LIGAMENTS, TENDONS, CARTILAGE)
o What are the various joints of the body and where are they found?
Ex: Hinge joint = elbow
o What is the difference between an ENDOSKELETON and an EXOSKELETON?
 The Muscular System:
o What is the function of the muscular system?
o Define CARDIAC, SMOOTH, and SKELETAL MUSCLE
 Where are they found? State example of each.
 What is the difference between an INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE and a
VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
 Nutrients of the Body:
o What are the six main nutrients of the body?
o What do carbohydrates, fats and proteins do for our body?
o What are the building blocks of carbohydrates, fats and proteins?
 Carbohydrates = sugars
 Fats = fatty acids and glycerol
 Proteins = amino acids
 The Digestive System:
o What are the structures and functions of each structure of the digestive
system. (SALIVARY GLANDS, ESOPHAGUS, MOUTH, STOMACH, PANCREAS,
LIVER, GALL BLADDER, SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE)
o What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
 Define: ENZYME
o Where does most nutrient absorption take place?
o Where are carbohydrates, fats and proteins digested in the digestive system?
Which digestive fluids are used?
o How is egestion different from excretion?
 The Circulatory System:
o What is the function of the circulatory system?
o How does blood flow through the heart?
o What are the components of the blood and the function of each component:
PLASMA, RED BLOOD CELL, WHITE BLOOD CELL, and PLATELETS.
o What are the differences between CAPILLARIES, VEINS and ARTERIES?
 The Respiratory System:
o What is the function of the respiratory system?
o Gas Exchange: Describe the process of gas exchange that occurs between the
alveoli and capillaries of your lungs.
 The Excretory System:
o What is the function of the excretory system?
o Be able to recognize the organs of the excretory system and state the waste
product it collects and/or removes from the body: SKIN, LUNGS, LIVER,
KIDNEY
 The Nervous System:
o What is the function of the central nervous system?
o Structure of a neuron including: AXON, DENDRITE, and CELL BODY
o How does a nerve impulse pass through the body?
o Explain how a REFLEX ARC works as a protective mechanism
o Be able to recognize the different parts of the brain and state the function of
each part: CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM, MEDULLA
 Endocrine System:
o What is the function of the endocrine system?
o How does the body maintain homeostasis using the chemical regulation of
hormones
o Identify the glands and the hormones they produce
 Reproductive System:
o Describe the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction
o Define FERTILIZATION, GESTATION, and ZYGOTE
o Identify the structures and functions of the male reproductive system
o Identify the structures and functions of the female reproductive system
 Immune System:
o What is the function of the immune system?
o Identify the roles of antigens and antibodies.
Notes:
Diagrams: