Download CHAPTER 13 - Fill In The Gap

CHAPTER 14 - Fill In The Gap
Performance Enhancing Substances and Anti-Doping Initiatives
Key Questions
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What are the ethical considerations in the use of performance enhancing
practices (both legal and illegal) that assist training and recovery?
What are the nutritional requirements for different practices?
Outline a range of dietary performance-enhancing practices
Ergogenic Aids are :
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Give 2 examples. 1. (practice) =
2. (substance) =
In 19_ _ the Council of Europe tabled a resolution against the use of d____________
substances in sport. The Medical Commission of the _ _ _ was established in 19_ _.
Drug testing procedures struggle to keep up with new forms of illegal substances and
practices.
ILLEGAL PERFORMANCE ENHANCERS
Rather than know all of the illegal substances back to front, you need to be able to:
 Analyse the ethical considerations relating to the use of performance
enhancing practices.
 Explain reasons for why an athlete might choose to take illegal substances
when they know the risks.
Despite recent attempts to keep sports ‘clean’ and free from athletes who take
illegal ergogenic aids, many athletes still try to gain an unfair advantage by
resorting to illegal strategies.
Complete the following table – by filling in the missing letters A  M
Illegal Ergogenic
Aid/Practice
A.
Narcotic analgesics
Anabolic Steroids
Beta Blockers
G.
I.
L.
Perceived Benefit
Mask fatigue; increase
alertness and aggression;
improved muscle reaction;
improved anaerobic
performance
Mask pain; euphoria
Increased muscle bulk,
power and strength;
increased aggression and
increased speed of
recovery; can train harder
and longer
E.
Used to reduce weight
quickly; mask use of
anabolic steroids
Increased RBC and
oxygen-carrying capacity
and also VO2 max
Muscle and bone
development; antiinflammatory preparation;
mask use of anabolic
steroids
Common Sport(s)
B.
C.
Sports involving strength,
power, muscle bulk
Harmful Side Effects
Anxiety; restlessness;
tremors; irritability; cardiac
arrhythmia; stomach upset;
dependence; hypothermia;
heart attack
D.
Cancer, Higher LDL,
infertility, hypertension,
alopecia, male testicular
atrophy, female breast
atrophy, facial hair, acne
Shooting; archery
F.
Boxing, Horse Racing,
Weight Lifting
H.
J.
K.
Sports involving strength,
power, muscle bulk
M.
What are some reasons for an athlete choosing to take illegal performance enhancers :
 .
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 .
 .
List some environment-related reasons for athletes taking illegal performance
enhancers :
 .
 .
 .
 .
What are some medico-legal issues?
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
What is meant by ethics? It is concerned with moral standards, beliefs and practices.
Societal expectations and standards influence the rules made by sporting bodies with
respect to acceptable practices.
Sporting ethics aim to regulate sports practices ae enforced so that a level playing
field and fair participation exists.
Sporting ethics also refers to a set of m_____________ v_____________, this
includes concepts of striving to achieve …
A sports ethics unit exists at the A__________________ S__________________
C______________________ to work through issue in sport. For example structuring
policies to …
Members of the international sports industry believe the following principles need to
be included in any ethical charter or framework:
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
Ethical issues in relation to optimising training, recovery and performance include:
 .
 .
 .
 .
If you were charged with the responsibility of making a decision about whether or not
the South African athlete with prosthetic forelegs who placed second in the South
African National 400m can represent his country at the 2008 Olympics, what would
your decision be? What are your reasons for your decision?
GENETIC MANIPULATION
The area of genetic technology is no doubt going to provide the greatest sporting
ethical dilemmas in coming years.
What is gene technology and what are some possible ethical issues?
DIETARY PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PRACTICES.
Carbohydrate Loading
What is carbohydrate loading?
What type of athletes are likely to benefit from carbohydrate loading? Why?
What disadvantage is there with the original carbohydrate loading method?
Outline the modified method today’s endurance athletes are using.
What is exercise tapering?
The most common facts, which are not always properly understood are:
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
Carbohydrate loading usually causes body mass to ______________________ by
approximately __ kg in an average 70kg athlete as extra water is stored with extra
glycogen storage. For some athletes the weight gain may negate the benefits gained
from having extra glycogen to call on as a f_______.
Consuming too many high f____ foods will make it difficult to consume sufficient
carbohydrates. There is also a benefit of increased water absorption associated with
carbohydrate loading.
Explain this benefit...
Give examples of foods high in carbohydrates.
Creatine Supplementation
Creatine is a natural component of food. It would not be possible to ingest an amount
of food required to supersaturate the muscle with phosphocreatine.
The perceived benefits of creatine supplementation is an increase in the rate of
______ resynthesis during recovery between bouts of high intensity exercise.
Possible side effects of creatine supplementation include:
Colostrum
Colostrum is produced from the mammary glands during the first hours after b_____.
Scientists now believe that bovine colostrum is the only safe alternative for human
consumption.
What does colostrum contain and how might it be beneficial?
Branched Chain Amino Acids (Amino Acid Supplements – Protein Powder).
Branched amino acids are essential to the human body because they promote
p__________ s________________.
In what ways and circumstances might these supplements be used and how may they
be beneficial?
Caffeine
Caffiene is used as a :
 c______________ n________________ s_____________ s____________
 d_______________
 c_____________________ and r_________________ s_____________
Evidence shows that caffeine intensifies muscle contractions, can mask discomfort of
physical exertion.
Some exercise physiologists believe that caffeine might improve performance by
increasing fat oxidation and conserving muscle glycogen.
Side effects include…
Hydration Considerations
Sweating is one way in which the body maintains its c__________ t______________.
This results in the loss of b___________ f____________ and e________________.
If left unchecked such sweating will lead to d____________________ and eventually
h__________ s_____________.
% Body Weight Lost as Sweat
2
4
5
7
10
Physiological Effect
Type of Sports Drink Description
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Minerals
Read table 14.3.
Discuss the benefits of 3 different minerals.
Complete the following Test Your Knowledge questions:
3a, bi, bii, c, 4a, 5b, c. & 7a.
Best Used in What
Circumstances