Download PE Unit 4 Outcome 2

Physical Education
Unit 4, Outcome 2: Performance enhancement
E ngage
E ducation
Foundation
Ergogenic aids in increasing performance
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Altitude training (legal): Training at high altitudes to increase number of red blood cells and thus
increase oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
Hypoxic tents (legal): Re-creates a low oxygen environment and promotes the production of red blood
cells again increasing the oxygen carrying paucity of the blood.
Blood doping (illegal): Injecting blood at a later date to increase the number of red blood cells. This has
possible harms of infection and stroke due to thickening of the blood.
Gene doping (illegal): Not seen yet in sport involves the introduction of genes that would lead to
stronger fitter athletes. Possible risks include infection, flu like symptoms and many other possible harms.
Anabolic steroids (illegal): Reduces recovery time between sessions and increases amount of lean
muscle mass. Therefore improving power and strength, possible harms include liver issues and increased
chance of stroke amongst other issues.
Erythroprotein (EPO) (illegal): Causes an increase in red blood cells increasing oxygen carrying
capacity, however can lead to increased chance of stroke due to thickened blood and flu like symptoms.
Human growth Hormone (illegal): Causes an increase in muscle strength and size. Can lead to
cardiac and thyroid disease.
Diuretics (illegal): are used to flush out the body of drugs before detection. Can cause stomach issues.
Stimulants (some are illegal): Used to increase arousal levels and neural stimulation, however
increases blood pressure and can increase chance of heart attack.
Beta blockers (illegal in certain sports): Used to reduce arousal, are banned is ports such as
shooting, although can lead to nausea.
Physiological strategies to enhance performance
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Hot water immersion therapy: Use of hot water to increase blood flow, however should not be used
for soft-tissue injuries.
Cold water immersion therapy: Use of cold water to restrict blood flow, good for soft-tissue injuries.
Contrast water therapy: Uses both intervals in hot and cold water to create a venus pump that helps
get rid of metabolic by-products.
Compression Garments: Increase venus return and prevents blood-pooling. Massage: again helps
blood flow back to the heart.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: Saturates the body with oxygen in an attempt to help reduce bruising and
remove metabolic by-products.
Psychological strategies to enhance performance
Techniques for enhancing arousal:
Acting energised, Using positive self-talk, Listening to music, Mental imagery, Energising imagery
Techniques for arousal reduction:
Breathing control or centred breathing, Biofeedback, Stress- inoculation training (SIT), Progressive Muscle
relaxation
Nutritional strategies to enhance performance
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Glycogen sparing: Involves training to utilise fats before using glycogen
Carbohydrate loading: Taking in excess carbohydrates before competition to enhance glycogen stores.
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Protein supplements: Taken to help repair and build muscle. Creatine supplementation: Taken to improve
creatine phosphate stores.
Caffeine supplements: Taken so that the athlete is better able to oxidise fat instead of glycogen thus
glycogen sparing.
World anti doping authority (WADA)
Will ban a drug or strategy if it meets any two of the following three statements: 1. Evidence that the substance or method enhances or has the potential to enhance performance
2. Evidence that the substance or method represents an actual or potential health risk to the athlete
3. WADA’s determination that use of the substance or method violates the spirit of sport
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