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Ergogenic Aids All athletes want to improve their performance and there are both legal and illegal methods (in addition to training) of achieving this. Substances that improve performance are referred to as ergogenic aids. Method of enhancement Description of method High carbohydrate diet (legal) A diet high in carbohydrates such as pasta, rice, and bread will increase glycogen levels Glycogen loading (legal) Creatine monohydrate (legal) Blood doping (illegal) This takes places 6 days before an important competition. For the first 3 days, training on a high fat and protein diet occurs; on the last 3 days, there is light training on a high carbohydrate diet. A supplement used to increase the amount of phospocreatine stored in the muscles Blood is removed and stored; the body then compensates for this loss and makes more red blood cells. The stored blood is then injected back into the performer, giving them a higher red blood count Ergogenic Aids dSpeirs adapted from dStevenson Reasons why this method is used Side effects Compensates for lower levels of glycogen during exercise None Can increase glycogen levels and therefore increase performance. More water can be stored in the muscle but such an extreme can cause physiological problems. Allows the ATP-PC system to last longer and can help improve recovery time To improve aerobic capacity through increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the body, allowing the performer to work for longer and therefore considerably enhance aerobic performance due to: - Increase Red Blood Cells - Increase in Haemoglobin - increase the VO2 max - increase oxygen uptake and carrying capacity – therefore increases energy delivery to enhance aerobic performance No harmful side effects known The viscosity of the blood could increase, leading to clotting and a risk of death Method of enhancement Anabolic steroids (illegal) Stimulants …. Is a name given to several groups of drugs that tend to increase alertness and physical processes in the body. Beta-blockers (illegal) Description of method Artificially produced hormones Legal stimulants include: caffeine* nicotine Side effects Promote muscle growth and lean body weight Liver damage, acne, excessive aggression Caffeine thought to improve the mobilisation of fatty acids in the body. Caffeine increases the danger of dehydration Illegal stimulants include: Amphetamines cocaine and crack Help to calm an individual down Masking Agents Diuretics (legal) Reasons why this method is used Decreases tiredness, increases metabolism; individual is more alert Insomnia, weight loss, cardiovascular problems that can lead to death Can improve accuracy in precision sports through steadying the nerves Tiredness due to low blood pressure and slower heart rate Side Effects Products that can potentially conceal the presence of a prohibited substance in urine or other samples. Ergogenic Aids dSpeirs adapted from dStevenson Water loss causing dehydration. Upset stomach, feeling faint, dizziness and low blood pressure. Affects thermoregulation. Can cause increased loss of electrolytes/mineral salts, leading to fatigue, muscle cramping, exhaustion and cardiac arrest. Associated with kidney failure/disease. Method of enhancement Description of method A natural hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow – increase haemoglobin levels. Erythropoietin EPO (illegal) EPO then stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red cells and thereby increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body (blood) and can lead to an increase in the amount of work performed. It can now be artificially manufactured to cause an increase in haemoglobin levels Ergogenic Aids dSpeirs adapted from dStevenson Reasons why this method is used An increase in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the body can lead to an increase in the amount of work done EPO has been much misused as a performanceenhancing drug in endurance athletes including some cyclists (in the Tour de France), long-distance runners, speed skaters, and Nordic (cross-country) skiers. Side effects Dehydration can further increase the viscosity of the blood, blood clotting, increasing the risk for heart attacks, strokes and in a few cases death