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CHAPTER 18WORLD
WAR I OR THE GREAT
WAR OR THE WAR TO
END ALL WARS
Key Terms
• Militarism---the pursuit or celebration of
military ideas. A government policy of
investing heavily in and strengthening the
armed forces
• Mobilize---to organize armies to be ready
for action, or to take action, especially in a
military.
More terms
• Ultimatum—Challenge or a demand to act
with failure to result in dire consequences.
• Belligerents--- hostile, ready to start a fight,
or ready to go to war
Four causes of WW I
• Imperialism---colonial rivalries
• Alliances---Triple Enente, Triple Alliance
• Nationalism---goal to be number 1, some
Europeans especially in the Balkans wanted
their independence
• Militarism---military build up
Section two the Spark
The Spark
On June 28, 1914
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife
Sofia were assassinated
in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
After the assassination; from left to right Francois Ferdinand
and his wife Sophie - Francois Ferdinand and the murder;
Gavrilo Princip a Bosniac's student.
On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife Sofia were
assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This
assassination upset the balance of
power in Europe and leads to WW I.
When the war finally ended in
November 1918 almost 10 million
soldiers lay dead and almost 20 million
were wounded. The armies of 10
countries had participated in this
conflict. The blood bath was called the
“Great War”. In America it was known
as the war to end all wars.
Arch-duke and his wife Sophia
The Assassin
Gavrilo Princip a 18 year old Serbian
Nationalist and a member of the Black
Hand
While slowing to navigate a
sharp corner in the road, a
nineteen year-old member of the
Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip,
jumped from the sidewalk onto
the Archduke's car. He quickly
fired two shots killing the
Archduke and his pregnant wife
The officers seized Princip. They beat him over the head
with the flat of their swords. They knocked him down; they
kicked him, tortured him, and all but killed him. He was
then taken to the Sarajevo gaol (jail).
German Action
• August 4, 1914 Germany decides to invade
neutral Belgium
• Germanys action brings Britain into the
war.
Other nations in the War
• Allies: Italy, Japan, later United States
• Central Powers: Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Germany’s predicament
• The Schlieffen Plan
• Overview
• In 1914, Germany believed war with Russia was extremely
likely. If war broke out, Germany assumed France would
also attack as she was both an ally of Russia and keen for
revenge for her defeat in the Franco-Prussian war.
• If this happened, Germany would face a war on two
fronts. Germany wanted to avoid this at all costs.
• Germany planned to defeat France rapidly and then turn to
the eastern front for a major offensive on Russia. This was
the basis for the Schlieffen Plan.
German War Plan or the Schlieffen
Plan
German field marshal and
strategist, served as Chief of
the German Imperial General
Staff from 1891 to 1905. His
name lived on in the
meticulously conceived
Schlieffen Plan for the defeat
of the French Third Republic
and the Russian Empire.
Phase I Schlieffen Plan
THE PLAN: Foreign Diplomacy had
placed Germany in a dangerous
position. The Alliance System left
Germany surrounded with Britain and
France to the West and Russia to the
East. King William II ordered his
military chief of staff to device a plan,
which would guarantee success if a war
in Europe broke out. So, in 1905
Chief of Staff General von Schlieffen
developed a proposed plan to win a
two-fronted war.
Phase one of the Schlieffen Plan
required an invasion of France through
neutral Belgium. Once entering France
the German army would encircle Paris
within a few weeks. With Paris secured,
the French would surrender. Britain
maintained a small army with most of its
military budget going to its navy, so they
would be of little help to the French.
Phase two of the Plan would then involve an
invasion of Russia. The Russian military
command was primitive compared to Germany.
Most of Russia’s military officers had inherited
their positions and were unfamiliar with modern
warfare technology. Russia’s standing army
was small and poorly armed. Schlieffen’s plan
would have the German army defeat Russia
before the Russians had mobilized their forces.
In a matter of weeks the Germans would win the
war.
THE PLAN FAILS WHY?
One reason was Schlieffen was dead and von
Moltke was in command of the German army.
Reason two was when the German asked the
Belgium permission to march through their country,
the Belgium reply was that our country is not a
highway for German armies, and fought the
Germans as they marched through Belgium. So, by
the time the German army made it through Belgium
the French and British armies were prepared for
them.
Von Molkte replaced Von Schlieffen
in 1906, and made some alterations to
the plan. His version avoided
invading Holland, instead
concentrating attack through Belgium.
According to Von Molke, the Belgium
army would be unable to resist a
powerful German military, and
German forces would rapidly enter
France.
Reason three was the Russian army
mobilized much faster than the Germans
believed possible. So, the Germans had to
send several divisions from the Western Front
to the East to meet the Russian army.
The German war plan was a disaster.
The French, British and Russian plans were
also failures. So, the short European war
ended in being a four-year blood bath.
Major offensive WW I
French Commanders
Petain hero of Verdun
Joffre led victory of Marne Foch allied
commander
British
army
French army
Paris
Section two: A new kind of war
Key Terms
• Propaganda-- publicity put out by a
government to promote a policy or cause
• Western front—parallel set of trenches that
stretched from the Alps to the North Sea in
Northern France.
• Trench warfare---deep ditches built by the
soldiers to protect them from enemy fire.
More terms
• War of attrition—prolonged warfare to wear
do the enemy. Hopefully, he would
eventually surrender.
Battle of the Marne
• Fought on the Western front
• Stopped the German advance on Paris
• German withdraw showed that the war
would last a long time
3. September 1914 the
French army under the
command General Joffre
stopped the German
advance and saved Paris.
Known as the “Miracle of
the Marne”
The First Battle of the Marne (also known as the
Miracle of the Marne) was a World War I battle
fought from September 5 to September 12, 1914. It
was a Franco-British victory against the German army
under German Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke
Over two million troops fought in the First Battle of
the Marne, of which more than 500,000 were killed or
wounded.
It stopped German offensive into France.
4. Battle of Tannenburg
• Battle of Tannenburg: August 1914 Germans
encircled and destroyed the Russian army. 30,000
Russians killed and 92,000 prisoners Fought on
the Eastern Front.
Question 5: Battle of Gallipoli
Gallipoli Campaign British offensive 19151916 to break through the Dardanelles
strait and defeat the Turks. A victory
would enable the allies to strengthen the
Russians. It failed.
Battle of Gallipoli
• Attempt by the British and French to break
through the Ottoman army and take control
of the Black Sea. Success would have
enabled the British to resupply the Russian
Army,.
• It failed.
Sea warfare and Subs. British
blockaded all German ports. At the
battle of Jutland the British destroyed
the German Navy. Germans turned to
sub warfare (U-boats) to break the
British blockade. Continued Sub
warfare turned American opinion
against Germans.
In the fall of 1915 a German u-boat sank the Lusitania off
the coast of Ireland, killing over 1000 men, women, and
children.
WW I reached a stalemate and
became a war of attrition
Neither the German nor the French armies
could make advances on the Western Front.
The armies were attempting to wear down
the opponent and bring victory
In April 1917 United States
declares war on Germany.
Two reasons for U.S.
declaration were:
a. German unrestricted sub
warfare
b. Zimmerman Telegram
Effects of
mustard
gas
British
soldier
wearing a
gas mask.
German Fokker triplane of the Red Baron
They fought in canvas and wood biplanes
that could barely fly 100 MPH. Men like
von Richthofen, Rickenbacker, Bishop,
Guynemer, Mannock, Ball, who flew
airplanes with names like Spad, Fokker,
Albatros, Nieuport, and Sopwith Camel.
German
Zeppelin
Billy Bishop A Canadian Flying Ace’s plane
The American Ace of Aces, Eddie
Rickenbacker, was a successful race car
driver, fighter pilot, airline executive,
wartime advisor, and elder statesman.
Few aces achieved so much in so many
different lifetime roles.
His twenty-six aerial victories came in
only two months of combat flying, a
spectacular achievement.
Manfred von Richthofen
The Red Baron
Top Ace of WWI, 80 victories
TO THE GERMAN FLYING
CORPS:
Rittmeister Baron Manfred von
Richthofen was killed in aerial
combat on April 21st, 1918. He
was buried with full military
honours.
Review Questions
•
•
•
•
Ruler of Russia at the outbreak of WWI
Leader of the Red Army
He promised “Peace Land and Bread”
He developed the “Fourteen Points” to
ensure world Peace
• Significance of November 11, 1918
More review Questions
• It was used by all countries to gain support
for the war effort
• Russian Civil War was between the?
• Name the Big Four at the Paris Peace
Conference
• International organization to ensure world
peace
Russian Revolution 1917
Duma
• Russian legislature with little power, first
formed after the 1905 Revolution
Czar Nicholas II
• Czar of Russia during WWI and was the
last Romanov to rule Russia.
Soviet
• Term for Russian workers party
Mensheviks
• A moderate Russian workers party that held
the majority of seats in the Duma
Bolsheviks
• Radical soviet worker Party led by V.I.
Lenin
Red Army
• Bolshevik or communist army in the
Russian Civil War lead by Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky
• Leader of the Red Army and Lenin’s right
hand man.
Timeline Russian Revolution
• 1914 Russian enter WWI
• March 1916 Czar Nicholas II abdicates
• Fall 1916 V.I. Lenin returns to Russia and
takes control of Bolsheviks
• Lenin promises “Peace, Land and Bread”
• November 1917 Lenin’s Bolsheviks take
control Russian Government
Peace and Civil War
• November 1917 Lenin takes control
Russian government
• Lenin decides to execute the Czar and his
family
• January 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ends
Russia’s participation in WWI
Civil War 1918-1921
• Reds (communists) versus Whites
(loyalists)
• Red army led by Lean Trotsky
• 1921 communist win and Russia becomes
the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics
• USSR with Lenin firmly in control
Why Russia left the war
• Russia had lost over 1 million soldiers in
the war
• Russian had lost to Germany an area larger
than the country of France
• Russia’s soldiers lacked ammunition, food
and supplies
• Lenin promised Russian people that he
would end the war!!
FALL OF THE CZAR
Czar1.(Nicholas II) and his wife 2 (Alexandra) had
become unpopular in Russia Nicholas II had failed to
3.(modernize) his country, continued a losing war and
was under the influence of a Siberian mystic healer 4
(Gregory Rasputin). 5( Rasputin) had won the
attention of the Czar and his wife after he was able to
bring healing to their 6 (hemophilic) son7 (Alex).
8.(December 1916) members of the Czar’s family
killed Rasputin. 9( March 8, 1917) riots started in
Petrograd calling for the end of the war and the
resignation of the czar.
10 (March 15, 1917) Czar Nicholas II resigned
bringing an end to 300 years of 11.(Romanov) rule.
Grigory Rasputin is without question one of the most
scandalous figures in Russian history. This randy mystic from
Siberia arrived in St. Petersburg in 1911 and within a few years
had become one of the most influential men in government
circles. His ability to remain in such a high position despite
widely publicized bouts of drinking and womanizing is no doubt
the source of tremendous envy among political figures around
A 12( provisional government) was established
to rule Russia until elections could be held and a
constitution could be written. The new
government consisted of several parties that
included members of the Petrograd Soviets or
workers unions. Most of the workers parties
were socialists. 13( Alexander Kerensky) a
member of the 14a(Mensheviks) became the
prime minister of the new government. He was
unable to work with the Petrograd socialists’
parties and the middle class controlled Russian
14b.(Duma).[Russian congress]
Kerensky , Aleksandr Fyodorovich (1881 - 1970)
He was revolutionary leader , who headed the
provisional Russian government before the Bolshevik
takeover in November 1917 .
The new socialist influenced government made
major reforms in Russia, but failed to take Russia
out of 15 (WW I). Economic and political
instability in Russia gave the 16 (Bolsheviks) an
opportunity to seize control of the government.
They believed a small group of revolutionaries
could overthrow the 17 (provisional government)
and seize control of Russia. 18.(V. I. Lenin) was
the Bolshevik leader who believed in the teachings
of 19 (Karl Marx). Lenin promised the Russian
people 20 (“Peace, Land and Bread”). He
understood that the Provisional government could
not gain support of the Russian people if it
continued the war
In 21(November 1917) Lenin lead a revolution
to seize power. The Bolsheviks took control of
22(St. Petersburg) in a bloodless revolution.
In 23(January 1918) Lenin dissolved the
Petrograd Soviet and outlawed all political
parties in Russia. Opposition party leaders were
assassinated. March 1918 Lenin signed the
treaty of 24( Brest-Litovsk) taking Russia out of
WW I. He gave Germany the 25a(Ukraine)
and Poland.
The Russian Civil War was fought between the
25b(Reds) and the26( Whites). The Reds were
the 27(Communists) and supporters of Lenin.
The 28(Whites) were a combination of groups
who opposed the communists. The civil war
lasted for three years and devastated the
country. The Whites lacked effective
leadership. 29( Leon Trotsky) led the Red
army. Trotsky won the respect of his soldiers
and using strict discipline was able to win the
civil war.
Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Leon Trotsky) was born on
October 26, 1879, son of a hard-working, thrifty, and
well-to-do jewish farmer, in the southern part of
Ukraine. The family valued education highly, and when
Lev was about nine years old they let him move to the
city of Odessa, to stay with his 'uncle' and to go to
school. This is where Lev developed his nice manners
and intellectual personality.
In 1917, as the Tsar
abdicated, Leon Trotsky went
to Russia, and in August that
year he became a member of
the Central Committe of the
Bolshevik Party, which had
Lenin as its uncontested
leader and visionary. In this
capacity Trotsky became
second in command after
Lenin. In 1918 Trotsky was
appointed People's
Commissar for Military and
Naval Affairs, and as such he
managed the founding of the
Red Army.
Lenin used the 30 (cheka); secret police to
waged a war of terror against his enemies.
Many were killed included the Czar and his
family. By 1921 Lenin had extended his
communist control over Russia. He moved
the capital to Moscow and renamed his
country 31—Union of Soviet Socialists
Republics.
U.S. enters the War
• British propaganda
• Zimmerman telegram
• German unrestricted U-boat warfare
AMERICAN NEUTRALITY
When the war broke out in August, ---1--(President Wilson) urged Americans to
remain neutral. America’s business leaders
favored the—2—( British) because of
financial ties and their admiration of British
culture and government
.
Like Roosevelt before him, Woodrow
Wilson regarded himself as the
personal representative of the
people. "No one but the President,"
he said, "seems to be expected ...
to look out for the general interests
of the country." He developed a
program of progressive reform and
asserted international leadership in
building a new world order. In 1917
he proclaimed American entrance
into World War I a crusade to make
the world "safe for democracy."
Patterns of international trade made –3—
(American neutrality) difficult. The British
controlled the ---4—(Atlantic shipping lanes).
Allied purchases of—5—(American) goods
helped our economy. During the war President
Wilson relaxed credit restrictions on the Allies,
so by 1917 bankers had loaned the Allies
over—6—( $2.3 billion)
By November 1914 Britain had closed
sea trade with—7—(Germany) by
laying mines in the North Sea. The
British also seized cargoes of neutrals
that were attempting to trade with
Germany.
In 1915 Germany drew a ---8—(war zone) around
Britain. It declared all Allied ships within the zone
would be sunk on sight. Germany warned neutral
ships to stay out of the zone. Wilson declared, “—
9—( U-boat) sinking of an American ship would be
considered a violation of neutral rights and could force
America into the War.”
On May 7, 1915, a U-boat sank the British
ship –10—(Lusitania). Over 1200
people, including 128 Americans died.
The ship sank in the Irish Sea. The
Germans claimed the ship was carrying
war munitions. America was outraged!
In March 1916 German subs sank
the--11-( British passenger ship) Sussex.
Wilson threatened to break all diplomatic
relations with Germany. Germans stopped
using their subs.
In January 1917 the—12—( Central
Powers) and the Allies were locked in a
stalemate on the Western Front. The
Germans decided to resume U-boat
warfare. They realized this action
would pull---13—(America) into the
war, but hoped to win the war before
the United States could mobilize its
forces.
President Wilson broke relations with
Germany but was undecided about
entering the War. Then the British sent
Wilson a copy of a telegram from a
German official Arthur Zimmerman.
The ---14—(Zimmerman Telegram
)instructed Mexico to declare war on the
United States, if the US declared war on
Germany. At the conclusion of the war,
Germany would reward---15—(
Mexico) with the territory it had lost to
the US in the Mexican War.
On April 2, 1917 Wilson asked Congress to
declare war on Germany. In his declaration
of war Wilson said America would fight to
“make the world safe for democracy”.
End of the War
In November 1917 Lenin’s Bolshevik Party
overthrew the provisional government. Lenin
came to power promising the Russian people
“Peace, Land, and Bread”. So, in March 1918
Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk taking
Russia out of the war. The treaty had two major
results: 1. Allies hoped to keep Russia in the war
by overthrowing the communist government.
2. Germany could now transfer its Eastern
armies to the Western Front.
Chapter 18 section 4
• The Terms of Peace
By the time Germany’s spring of 1918
offensive started Americans were landing in
Europe by the tens of thousands. With fresh
troops the Allies were able to drive the
German army back toward its own borders.
On November 11, 1918 an armistice ended the
war, and Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated the throne.
The German Empire had ceased to exist.
Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch
• French General who became the allied
commander of all armies involved in the
war on the Western Front
Reparations
• Payments for war damages were demanded
by the winning allied armies
League of Nations-- formed in 1919 on a
model developed by American President
Woodrow Wilson. The main purpose of the
organization was to maintain world peace.
Fourteen Points----Wilson’s program to
insure that WW I would be the “War to end
all wars.”
League of Nations
• An international organization that was part
of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points that
was to be formed after WW I to maintain
world peace.
Fourteen Points
• President Wilson’s blue print for continued
world peace
Paris Peace Conference
• Convened in January 1919 with 27 nations
represented. Germany and USSR were not
invited to the conference.
• Leaders at the conference were the BIG
FOUR: United States, Great Britain, France
and Italy
On 11th November the
leaders of both sides
held a meeting in
Ferdinand Foch's
railway carriage
headquarters at
Compiegne.
The Armistice was
signed at 6am and
came into force five
hours later
11hr 11day
11mon
TERMS OF THE PEACE
After the armistice, the Allies and the
Americans had differing views about the treaty
to end the war. The European countries were
bankrupt and in financial debt to the United
States. President Wilson believed the Allies
would follow the wishes of the United States.
However, the Allied leaders believed their
sacrifices had saved America !
The Paris Peace Conference of 1919
was a conference organized by the
victors of World War I to negotiate the
peace treaties between the Allied and
Associated Powers and the defeated
Central Powers. The conference opened
on 18 January 1919 and lasted until 21
January 1920 with a few intervals.
Versailles site of Paris Peace Conference 1919
To insure lasting world peace
President Wilson had developed
Fourteen Points. [See transparency]
Had Wilson’s Fourteen Points been
fully accepted by the world leaders,
world peace would have been
maintained.
SIX GENERAL POINTS OF WOODROW
WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS
No secret treaties
Freedom of the seas for all nations
Remove all economic barriers to trade, like
tariffs
Reduction of national armaments to the level of
defense
See next slide
14 Points
• Adjustment of colonial claims so they were
fair to both the imperialist powers and the
colonial peoples
• Establishment of a League of Nations to
guarantee political independence and
protection to small and large states alike
TIMELINE EVENTS 1918
January—President Wilson lays out the Fourteen
Points
March---Treaty of Brest-Litvosk Russia withdraws
from the war
Spring---German offensive into France/Marshal Foch
and allies stop German advance Summer---Allies push
Germans army to the German border
October----Austria and Hungary drop out of the war
November 11----Germans sign an armistice and the
war is ended(William II flees homeland and retires in
the Netherlands
The Big Four including France, Britain, Italy and the
United States wrote the treaty.
BIG Four
• Prime Minister David Lloyd
George of the United Kingdom,
Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Prime
Minister Georges Clemenceau of
France, and President Woodrow
Wilson of the United States of
America
Goals of each nation
• France wanted security against another
German attack. It wanted the return of the
Alsace-Lorraine region and control of the
Saar Valley.
• Italy wanted territory in Southern part of
Austrian-Italian border.
What the victors wanted
• Belgium want land from Germany.
• Great Britain wanted German colonies in
East Africa and destruction of the German
Navy.
• Japan wanted German colonies in the
Pacific.
Creating a New Europe
•Section 5
II. 3. Terms of Treaty
• Germany and Russia were not
invited. The treaty was punitive
and designed to crush Germany
and exclude Soviet Union from
European affairs.
III. Terms of Treaty of Versailles
• . Terms of the treaty included: 1. Germany had
to sign a war guilt clause
• 2. Germany had to pay reparations [payments
made by defeated nations for war damages] a total
of $33 billion.
• 3. Germany lost territory in the East and West.
France gained control of Alsace-Lorraine. Part of
East Germany went to Poland and
Czechoslovakia.
More terms of the Treaty
• 4. Germany lost all of its colonies.
• 5. German fleet was sunk!
• 6. Austrian Empire and Ottoman
Empire ceased to exist.
German Reparations
• The total sum due was decided by an InterAllied Reparations Commission. The war
reparations that Entente demanded from
Germany was 226 billion Reichsmarks in
gold (around £11.3 billion), then reduced to
132 billion Reichsmarks. In 1921, this
number was officially put at
£4,990,000,000, or 132 billion marks.
Treaty of Versailles
Germany had to sign a war guilt
clause
Germany had to pay reparations
[payments made by defeated nations for
war damages] a total of $33 billion.
Germany lost territory in the East and
West. France gained control of AlsaceLorraine. Part of East Germany went to
Poland and Czechoslovakia.
Germany loses out
Germany lost all of its
colonies.
German fleet was sunk!
Austrian Empire and Ottoman
Empire ceased to exist
III 4. Armenians
Massacred
• 1890’s Ottomans attempted to
rid their empire of the Armenian
Christian minority. Over a 25
year
• Period over ONE MILLION were
killed
• EXAMPLE OF GENOCIDE
Wilson was very disappointed with the
Treaty. But, the leaders did agree to form
a League of Nations. The League
included an assembly of all member
nations. A World Court was designed to
arbitrate disputes between nations. The
constitution included provisions for arms
control, dispute arbitration, and collective
security.
Wilson’s American Tour
V. World Court
A World Court was designed to arbitrate
disputes between nations. The
constitution included provisions for arms
control, dispute arbitration, and collective
security.
IV. 3. Mandate System
 British and French were given German
colonies in Africa to administer as Mandates
 Under Mandate system Britain and
France were to train people of the
region to eventually become
independent
 Middle Eastern countries of Palestine, Jordan
and Iraq became British Mandates
 Lebanon and Syria became French mandates