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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Who was the first person to use the term “ecology” (oekologie)?
Charles Darwin
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Ernst Haeckel
Aristotle
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 5
BLM: Remember
2. The word “ecology” is derived in part from the Greek word for oikos. What does this
word mean?
a. nature
b. house
c. earth
d. interactions
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 5
BLM: Remember
3. Which of the following describes a fundamental difference between natural history
and ecology?
a. Natural history focuses on the study of animals; ecology includes the study of
other types of organisms.
b. Natural history ignores the effects of abiotic processes on organisms; ecology
explicitly considers these effects.
c. Natural history rarely involves the systematic collection of quantitative data;
ecology considers data collection essential.
d. “Natural history” is an old-fashioned term for the study of nature; “ecology” is a
more modern word.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 5
BLM: Higher order
1-1
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
4. Which statement best describes a butterfly collector who travels the world looking for
unusual specimens to capture and display?
a. The collector is a natural historian.
b. The collector is an ecologist.
c. The collector is conducting research in applied ecology.
d. The collector is an environmental biologist.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a
1
p. 5
BLM: Higher order
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of ecological studies?
They are conducted over large spatial scales.
They are conducted over large temporal scales.
They focus on many species at a time.
They involve the collection of quantitative data.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
d
1
p. 5
BLM: Higher order
6. Which of the following is a biotic factor affecting the distribution and abundance of
redwood trees?
a. the effect of soil salinity on pathogens that attack redwood trees
b. the effect of microbes in the soil on the uptake of nutrients by roots
c. the effect of temperature on growth rate
d. the effect of groundwater pollutants on the survival of seedlings
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 6
BLM: Higher order
7. Which of the following is an example of a biotic environmental factor affecting the
distribution and abundance of species?
a. temperature
b. disturbance
c. herbivory
d. nutrients
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
1-2
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
8. Which of the following is an example of an abiotic environmental factor affecting the
distribution and abundance of species?
a. disease
b. toxins
c. intraspecific competition
d. interspecific competition
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
9. In a herd of wild horses, dominant individuals frequently chase lower-ranking
individuals from areas where the grasses are most nutritious. What is the name for this
type of ecological interaction?
a. interspecific competition
b. intraspecific competition
c. herbivory
d. aggression
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 6
BLM: Higher order
10. In a decaying log, many types of fungi invade the wood and break it down to extract
nutrients. What is the name for this type of ecological interaction?
a. interspecific competition
b. intraspecific competition
c. cooperation
d. parasitism
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 6
BLM: Higher order
11. Which of the following describes a similarity between predation and parasitism?
a. Both involve the death of the host.
b. Both are exclusively intraspecific interactions.
c. Both are feeding interactions.
d. Both affect the biomass and productivity of their host species.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
1-3
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
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12. Which of the following features defines the limits of an ecosystem?
a. the size of the ecosystem
b. the number of interactions
c. the number of environmental factors
d. the purposes of the study examining the ecosystem
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
d
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
13. What is the precise definition of an ecosystem?
a. An ecosystem is a large area of habitat with many interacting species.
b. An ecosystem is a physical area influenced by the same environmental factors.
c. An ecosystem is defined by the flow of nutrients and rates of change in
productivity.
d. There is no precise, broadly applicable definition of an ecosystem.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
d
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
14. Which of the following is NOT a structural attribute of an ecosystem?
a. biomass of organic matter (kg/m2)
b. water flow rate (m3/hayr)
c. density (number of individuals/m2)
d. species richness (number of species/m2)
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
15. Which of the following is NOT a functional attribute of an ecosystem?
a. productivity (kg/m2yr)
b. water flow rate (m3/hayr)
c. density (number of individuals/m2)
d. carbon flux (kg/hayr)
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
1-4
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
16. Which unit is used to measure the structural attributes of an ecosystem?
a. quantity per area
b. area per time
c. time per area
d. quantity per time
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
17. Which unit is used to measure the functional attributes of an ecosystem?
a. quantity per area per time
b. area per time
c. time per area
d. quantity per time
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 6
BLM: Higher order
18. Which of the following is a fundamental difference between structural attributes of
ecosystems and functional attributes of ecosystems?
a. Structural attributes are environmental factors; functional attributes are related to
interacting species.
b. Structural attributes are related to interacting species; functional attributes are
environmental factors.
c. Structural attributes are measured as quantities per area; functional attributes are
rates of change in structural attributes.
d. Structural attributes are measured as rates of change in functional attributes;
functional attributes are measured as quantities per area.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 6
BLM: Remember
1-5
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
19. If we consider the universe to be organized in hierarchical levels from subatomic
particles to the entire universe, which of the following levels constitutes the realm of
ecology?
a. from populations to biomes
b. from individual organisms to communities
c. from communities to the biosphere
d. from individual organisms to the biosphere
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
d
1
p. 7
BLM: Remember
20. Which of the following is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a
given area at a given time?
a. a community
b. a population
c. an ecosystem
d. a biome
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 7
BLM: Remember
21. What is an ecoscape?
a. a mosaic of community-level patches in a terrestrial or a marine environment
b. the distribution and abundance of interacting species in a community
c. a description of the functional processes connecting habitat patches
d. the spatial layout of populations over a large, heterogeneous area
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 8
BLM: Remember
22. Which of the following words best describes the subject matter of ecology?
a. life
b. connections
c. species
d. organisms
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 8
BLM: Remember
1-6
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
23. Consider a forest ecosystem in North America. Which of the following characteristics
can be considered an emergent property of the ecosystem?
a. the average annual temperature
b. the spatial variation in soil acidity
c. the interactions among species of invertebrates in the leaf litter
d. the amount of precipitation that falls in a given year
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 8
BLM: Higher order
24. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of an emergent property of an
ecosystem?
a. one that varies in space and time
b. one that varies among ecosystems
c. one that cannot be predicted by examining the components of an ecosystem
d. one that affects living things rather than nonliving things
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 8
BLM: Higher order
25. What do the biotic components of an ecosystem receive from the abiotic components
of an ecosystem?
a. resources
b. interactions
c. homeostatic feedback
d. disturbance
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 8
BLM: Remember
26. Which of the following factors contributes to a high level of ecological development?
a. a high level of stress
b. a high level of resources
c. a high level of constraint
d. a high level of demand
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 9
BLM: Remember
1-7
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
27. Which of the following ecosystems would likely be particularly dynamic?
a. one that experiences major seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation
b. one that experiences consistently high inputs of nutrients
c. one that experiences very harsh conditions all year long
d. one that is spread over a large spatial area
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 9
BLM: Higher order
28. What is the term for the extended period of recovery that follows a large-scale and
intense disturbance to an ecosystem?
a. death of the ecosystem
b. succession
c. a microdisturbance
d. environmental stress
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 9
BLM: Remember
29. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of an anthropogenic disturbance?
a. It is caused by humans.
b. It affects mostly humans.
c. It affects the interactions among species in a community.
d. It is always destructive.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 9
BLM: Remember
30. Which of the following conditions is required by heterotrophic organisms, but not
required by autotrophic organisms?
a. light
b. organic matter as a source of nutrition
c. water
d. sulphide compounds
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 10
BLM: Remember
1-8
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
31. Which of the following organisms were likely the first photosynthetic organisms on
Earth?
a. algae
b. plants
c. cyanobacteria
d. chemosynthetic bacteria
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 11
BLM: Remember
32. Which of the following best describes biogenic oxygen?
a. oxygen that is present in the troposphere
b. oxygen that is generated as a metabolic byproduct
c. oxygen that is available to be used in biological processes
d. oxygen that can reduce sugar from carbon dioxide
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 11
BLM: Remember
33. Which of the following scenarios would have likely resulted if oxygen levels had not
changed from the conditions of the early Earth?
a. The most common organisms would be anaerobic bacteria.
b. The most common organisms would be heterotrophic bacteria.
c. Most organisms would live in the oceans.
d. All organisms would have died out.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 11
BLM: Higher order
34. Which of the following regions of the atmosphere contains the highest concentration
of O3?
a. the troposphere
b. the atmosphere
c. the stratosphere
d. the ozone layer
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
d
1
p. 11
BLM: Remember
1-9
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
35. Which of the following processes maintains the atmosphere around the planet Earth?
a. gravitational pull
b. density differentials
c. variation in gas composition
d. biochemical interactions
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 11
BLM: Remember
36. Which part of the hydrosphere contains the most water?
a. the surface of the planet
b. rocks
c. organisms
d. the atmosphere
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 11
BLM: Remember
37. Which of the following conditions is the ultimate cause of hurricanes and tornadoes?
a. seasonal variation in the location and strength of the jet stream
b. decrease in air temperature with increasing altitude
c. variation in tidal levels in the oceans
d. uneven heating of the troposphere
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
d
1
p. 11
BLM: Remember
38. What is the name given to the top layer of the solid Earth?
a. magma
b. lithosphere
c. soil
d. mantle
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 13
BLM: Remember
1-10
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
39. Which of the following processes is most important in the formation of sedimentary
rock?
a. cooling
b. crystallization
c. pressure
d. eruption
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 13
BLM: Remember
40. Which of the following features is NOT usually considered a defining feature of a
biome?
a. the amount of anthropogenic disturbance
b. the interactions among species
c. the abiotic conditions
d. the assemblage of species
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 13
BLM: Remember
41. Which of the following statements explains why ecology lacks laws such as those
found in physics and chemistry?
a. Ecology is a relatively young and undeveloped science, and laws will likely be
formulated later as more data are collected.
b. In ecology, it is difficult to make accurate observations and thus develop laws.
c. Complex interactions among biotic and abiotic elements make it difficult to make
accurate predictions.
d. The laws of physics and chemistry are adequate for explaining ecological
phenomena.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 14
BLM: Higher order
1-11
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
42. Which of the following studies is an example of applied ecology?
a. one that examines the effects that dams have on survival of migrating salmon
b. one that examines habitat selection in monarch butterflies
c. one that examines mating behaviour in barn swallows
d. one that examines variation in flower colour of a plant over an altitudinal gradient
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
a
1
p. 16
BLM: Higher order
43. What is the name given to the study of energy and nutrient flows among and between
organisms and the environment?
a. landscape ecology
b. systems ecology
c. ecosystem ecology
d. holistic ecology
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 16
BLM: Remember
44. What is the name given to the study of human impacts on the natural environment?
a. environmentalism
b. environmental ecology
c. restoration ecology
d. impact assessment
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 16
BLM: Remember
45. What is the name given to the use of ecological knowledge to repair human impacts
on the natural environment?
a. environmentalism
b. environmental science
c. restoration ecology
d. impact assessment
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 17
BLM: Remember
1-12
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
46. Which of the following statements is an example of deductive reasoning?
a. A goldfish that is not fed for several days will die; thus, food is essential for
goldfish survival.
b. Children resemble their parents; thus, parents must contribute in some way to the
traits of their offspring.
c. People who catch chicken pox as children rarely catch the disease as adults; thus,
having an illness may protect you from contracting it again in the future.
d. Energy is neither created nor destroyed; thus, a fasting mammal that still feeds its
offspring must be using stored energy to make milk.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
d
1
p. 19
BLM: Higher order
47. Under which of the following circumstances would an ecological hypothesis be
considered faulty?
a. It is proven to be incorrect.
b. Ecologists disagree about it.
c. There is no way to gather data that could prove it wrong.
d. It requires too much data for proper testing, and so it is unlikely to be funded.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 19
BLM: Higher order
48. Which of the following statements describes the critical difference between a
hypothesis and a theory?
a. A hypothesis is unproven; a theory has been proven.
b. A hypothesis is untested; a theory has been tested and is widely accepted in the
scientific community.
c. A hypothesis is a specific, narrow explanation; a theory explains a large set of
phenomena.
d. A hypothesis is vague; a theory is well defined.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 20
BLM: Higher order
1-13
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
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49. A researcher observes the rate of growth of tadpoles in several ponds that differ in
water temperature. What type of experiment is this?
a. a spatial experiment
b. a temporal experiment
c. a manipulative experiment
d. a natural experiment
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
d
1
p. 21
BLM: Higher order
1-14
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
mean duration of tadpole stage (d)
NARRBEGIN: Growth Rate of Tadpoles
water temperature (C)
A researcher observed the rate of growth of tadpoles (measured as the duration of the
tadpole stage) in several ponds that differed in water temperature. The results of the
experiment are shown above. Each circle represents the mean growth rate of 25 tadpoles
randomly marked in each of 13 ponds. NARREND
50. What is the null hypothesis of this experiment?
a. Water temperature has no consistent effect on the rate of tadpole development.
b. Tadpoles cannot detect changes in water temperature.
c. The rate of tadpole development does not vary under any circumstance.
d. Water temperature does not vary among the experimental ponds.
ANS: a
NAR: Growth Rate of Tadpoles
PTS: 1
REF: pp. 20–21
OBJ: BLM: Higher order
51. What is the control in this experiment?
a. It is the water temperature in the various ponds.
b. It is the accuracy of the water temperature measurements.
c. It is the precision of the water temperature measurements.
d. Actually, there is no control in this experiment.
ANS: d
NAR: Growth Rate of Tadpoles
PTS: 1
REF: pp. 20–21
OBJ: BLM: Higher order
1-15
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
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52. Consider the data point represented by a filled circle. What can we conclude about the
data from this pond?
a. Nothing can be concluded about the data from this pond.
b. The accuracy of the measurements was probably poor.
c. The precision of the measurements was probably poor.
d. Some unknown factor is causing unusually rapid development in tadpoles in this
pond.
ANS: a
NAR: Growth Rate of Tadpoles
PTS: 1
REF: pp. 20–21
OBJ: BLM: Higher order
53. A number of genetically identical plants are planted into pots and treated with
different fertilizers. After several weeks, their height is found to vary considerably across
fertilizer treatments. What is this effect called?
a. natural selection
b. intrinsic variation
c. phenotypic plasticity
d. genomic variance
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
c
1
p. 24
BLM: Higher order
54. Which of the following ideas is fundamental to the Gaia hypothesis?
a. Group selection can drive community-level processes.
b. The biosphere has evolved homeostatic mechanisms.
c. The biosphere has evolved consciousness.
d. The Earth’s biosphere is likely replicated on other planetary bodies.
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 25
BLM: Remember
55. Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource?
a. sunlight
b. metals
c. hydroelectricity
d. photovoltaics
ANS:
PTS:
REF:
OBJ:
b
1
p. 25
BLM: Remember
1-16
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
Full file at http://testbankcart.eu/Test-Bank-for-Ecology-2nd-Canadian-Edition-byFreedman
TRUE/FALSE
1. The word “ecology” is derived from Greek words meaning the study of nature.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 5
2. The first person to use the word “ecology” to describe a systematic study of the
natural world was Charles Darwin.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 5
3. The biosphere can be considered an ecosystem.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 6
4. Intraspecific competition is competition among members of the same species.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 6
5. Organisms sometimes exert an effect on environmental factors.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 6
6. Ecosystems are defined as interactions among species and environmental factors over
a large spatial scale.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Higher order
p. 6
1-17
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
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7. The functional attributes of an ecosystem are the rates of change of the structural
attributes of the ecosystem.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 6
8. Life on Earth began about 3.5 billion years after the formation of the planet Earth.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 7
9. Photoautotrophs release H2O as a metabolic byproduct.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 11
10. The introduction of alien species often stimulates the ecological development of an
ecosystem.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Higher order
p. 9
11. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 11
12. Currently, the major gas (by % volume) in the atmosphere is oxygen.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 11
1-18
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
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13. Solar radiation plays a major role in powering the hydrological cycle.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 11
14. The troposphere is thickest at the poles and thins around the equator.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 11
15. The thickness of the troposphere may vary seasonally.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 11
16. The innermost layer of the Earth is called the mantle.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 13
17. The heat from the Earth’s core is generated by flowing magma.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 13
18. Precision refers to the repeatability of an observation or measurement.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 15
1-19
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.
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19. Paleoecology is synonymous with historical ecology.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
F
1
BLM: Remember
p. 16
20.
Thomas Kuhn believed that scientific revolutions create new paradigms.
ANS:
PTS:
OBJ:
REF:
T
1
BLM: Remember
p. 21
1-20
Copyright © 2014 by Nelson Education Ltd.