Download CHAPTER 16: TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE, 1500

CHAPTER 16: TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE, 1500 - 1750
I.
Culture and Ideas
A. Religious Reformation
1. 1500, ________________ began building new churches.
2. Church raising money:
3. Martin Luther’s challenges:
4. John Calvin argued predestination:
5. Council of Trent:
6. Catholic Reformation brought about the ________________
B. Traditional Thinking
1. _____________________ in late 16th and early 17th century trials of 100,000 women
2. Some poor and marginal people welcomed the __________________ and ______________
from public confession
C. Scientific Revolution
1. Greeks and Romans stated everything was made of 4 elements:
2. ______________________ sun centered theory
3. Isaac Newton’s gravity, laws of motion, and elliptical planetary movement:
4. Galileo:
5. Church believed new ideas __________________ with religious beliefs
D. Early Enlightenment
1. Human reason could discover the laws that __________________ social behavior are as
scientific as laws that govern _________________
2. French thinker Voltaire:
II.
3. ______________________ made it possible for these contradictory ideas to spread
Social and Economic Life
A. Bourgeoisie
1. French word for urban middle class:
2. Wealth in European cities came from __________________, _________________, and
trade of the urban ________________ class
3. Partnerships between ___________________ and governments led to joint stock
companies:
III.
B. Peasants and Laborers
1. African slaves in the ____________________ greatly contributed to ___________’s
economy
2. Price of wood rose
3. Deforestation had an effect on the rural poor relying on _________________,
________________, wild game
Political Innovation
A. State Development
1. __________________ Germany rebelled against __________________ France
2. Rulers of Spain, France, and England pursued political ______________
B. Religious Practices
1. Spain and France sponsored ________________ against ____________________
2. ______________________ declared himself head of Church of England
C. Monarchies
1. __________________________ established puritan republic in England
2. Glorious Revolution of 1688:
3. Louis XIV controlled and entertained nobility at Versailles:
D. Warfare and Diplomacy
1. Cannon, muskets, and foot soldiers were common
2. Spanish Armada:
3. Four powers of Europe—
IV.
NOTES
Comparative Perspective
A. Printing Press, Marine compass, and cannonry propelled Europe into a golden age
CHAPTER 17: THE DIVERSITY OF AMERICAN COLONIAL SOCIETIES, 1530 – 1770
I.
Columbian Exchange
A. Demographic changes
1. Columbian Exchange:
2. lack of ____________________to diseases in the New World
--diseases:
3. Diseases clearly undermined the natives ability to resist settlements and accelerated cultural
change
B. Transfer of plants and animals
1. American food to Europe—
2. European livestock to America—
3. Colony:
4. Mercantilism:
5. Positives:
II.
Negatives:
6. Countries strived to have a favorable balance of trade (_______________ more than
_____________)
Spanish America and Brazil
A. State and Church
1. _________________________ tried to exert direct control from Spanish crown to colonies
2. Communication was difficult, solution—viceroys:
3. Catholic church role:
4. Bartolome de las Casas:
B. Colonial Economies
1. Economies of Latin America were dominated by ___________ mines in Peru and
______________ plantations of Brazil
2. Forced labor system of economienda:
3. Mita system in Peru—
4. Portuguese set up slave trade in ________________ because _______________ (more
expensive) were immune to Old World diseases
5. Large export of ______________ goods, small import of _______________ goods
C. Society in Colonial Latin America
1. Social classes in Latin America—pure Spanish Americans, American born Spanish
descendants _____________, Americans. Spanish born—government, church,
business/American born descendants—agriculture and mining
2. Some free black helped with Spanish conquest; ____________________ had a low legal
status in the colonies
3. Mixed European and Amerindian descent ______________, European and African descent
___________, African and Amerindians descent _____________.
III.
English and French Colonies in North America
A. Early English Experiments
1. Failure of Roanoke Island:
2. Failure of Newfoundland:
B. The South
1. ________________________ established Jamestown; establishment of ______________
plantations
2. Tobacco and impact:
3. Indentured servants:
4. were staple of _____________________ area
C. New England
1. Pilgrims wanted to break completely from the Church of ____________
2. Massachusetts Bay Company formed by the ________________
D. Mid Atlantic
1. ___________ Island was colonized by Dutch
2. Pennsylvania was colonized by the _____________
3. Impact:
IV.
V.
NOTES
E. French America
1. French were committed to missionary work and trade of _________________
2. _____________________ caused conflict over hunting grounds
Colonial Expansion and Conflict
A. Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil
1. Influence of ________________ power threatened power of Spanish and Portuguese
monarchies
2. Brazil’s economic expansion due to:
B. Reform and Reorganization in British America
1. Colonists overthrew governors at _____________________ and Massachusetts
Comparative Perspectives
A. Political and Economical
1. __________ became the wealthiest power from the colonies
B. Environmental and Cultural
1. All colonies lost natural resources due to European markets
2. Catholic nations were more uniform in their colonies
CHAPTER 18: THE ATLANTIC SYSTEM OF AFRICA
I.
Plantations in the West Indies
A. Colonization before 1650
1. Spanish settlers introduced __________________ cultivation
2. French settlers based on tobacco cultivation
3. Tobacco development:
4. Indentured servants:
5. Sugar industries in ______________________:
II.
III.
B. Sugar and Slaves
1. Caribbean countries moved from ______________ industry to _________________
industry.
2. This shift causes a significant increase in ______________________
Plantation life in 18th century
A. Technology and the Environment
1. Expenses of sugar production led to large _______________________
B. Slaves’ Lives
1. Slaves were rewarded for good work or punished harshly for failure to meet quotas or
resistance
2. Slaves cultivated their own crops and did their chores on Sundays
3. Disease and harsh work conditions led to high ____________________ rates therefore
_______________ slaves had to be shipped from Africa
C. Free Whites and Free Blacks
1. Only very wealthy men could afford _______________.
2. Wealth became political power both in the colonies and _______________ Parliament
3. Slave owners who fathered children from slave women would give the woman and the
child freedom (_______________________)
4. Another group of free blacks were runaway slaves called __________________
Creating the Atlantic Economy
A. Capitalism and Mercantilism
1. Monopoly control from the European countries was not working; they turned to
_______________________ and ________________________.
2. These protected private enterprises in the Atlantic economy
3. Capitalism included:
4. Mercantilism promotes private ______________________ and capital from
________________ metals
5. Dutch were ____________________ from competition in the New World by the
________________and _______________ by war and high tariffs
B. Atlantic Circuit
1. Trade routes going from Europe to Africa to the plantations of the colonies and back to
Europe
2. Chartered companies (17th century) and private traders (18th century) would transport the
slaves
3. 1808:
4. 1 out of 6 slaves died on the Middle Passage:
5. Triangle Trade:
IV.
Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam
A. The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast
1. African countries raised the price of _______________ as the demand rose
2. Europeans would trade ____________________ for slaves; causing _________________
in Africa
V.
NOTES:
3. Slaves were mostly _______________________
Comparative Perspectives
A. Economic Comparisons
1. Europe colonized Caribbean islands which were transformed under capitalism
2. British, in the Caribbean, switched from indentured servants to slavery
B. Cultural Comparisons
1. All West Indian countries were affected by the introduction of European and African goods
and trade
CHAPTER 19: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN
I.
Ottoman Empire to 1750
A. Expansion and Frontiers
1. _______________ established the Ottoman Empire in 1300. He and successors captured the
Byzantine capital of _____________________
2. Egypt and Syria, Algeria and Tunis, Belgrade and Rhodes all were added to the Ottoman
Empire
3. Ottomans fought with _____________________ and forced the Venetians to pay
___________________.
4. Ottomans fought with Muslims merchants to drive out ____________________ in the Red Sea
B. Central Institutions
1. Ottomans forced Balkan Christian men to fight:
2. Military class was the only class __________________ from taxation
3. The sultan supplied justice and defense for the commoners (__________________) and the
commoners supplied taxes to support the military.
C. Crisis of Military State
1. Janissaries impact on society:
2. Calvary ____________________ as firearms become more prevalent
3. The use of short term mercenaries brought rebellions
4. _______________ begin to overtake empire:
D. Economic Change and Growing Weakness
1. Sultan secluded himself and the __________________ became political elite
2. Europeans were finding other countries to trade with:
II.
III.
IV.
NOTES:
Safavid Empire 1502-1722
A. The Rise of the Safavids
1. _____________________ declared himself shah of Iran in 1502 and ordered all followers
____________________ Muslims
2. Iran became increasingly tense with its Sunni neighbors
B. Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul
1. __________________ was a busy port city
2. __________________ was an inland city with few Europeans
3. ____________________________ in both cities were confined to the home
C. Economic Crises and Population Collapse
1. Manufactures included __________________ and _____________________ with small
productivity
2. The expense of __________________________ forced the Safavids to establish a slave corp of
soldiers
3. Decline of overland trade brought the capture of Isfahan in ________________.
Mughal Empire 1526-1761
A. Political Foundations
1. ____________________ and _________________ establish this empire
2. ________________________ empire relied on Europeans to be their navy
B. Central Decay and Regional Challenges
1. Cities were __________________ and could not unite
2. French intruded and dominated the trade in ________________
Maritime Worlds of Islam
A. Muslims in Southeast Asia
1. Islam spread throughout these countries by _________________ trade
2. The people of these countries developed ____________________ to their own understanding
B. European Powers and Southern Seas
1. Dutch drove out Portuguese in ______________________ and established their colonial capital
at __________________________
2. European merchants came to Southeast Asia.
3. Dutch could not control monopoly on _______________ and turned to lumber and coffee.
CHAPTER 20: NORTHERN EURASIA, 1500-1800
I.
Japanese Reunification
A. Civil War and Invasion of Korea
1. Japan came under control of warlords called _______________
2. Hideyoshi lead an invasion of _____________________
3. Hideyoshi died and Japan and Korea made peace
B. Tokugawa Shogunate
1. In 1600, Tokugawa brought all local _________________ under his administration
2. Tokugawa land system:
3. Japanese Emperor had _________ political power
C. Japan and the Europeans
1. Jesuits were successful at converting ________________ in Japan
2. Rebellion in 1630 was blamed on the _______________________
3. 1649:
D. Elite Decline and Social Crisis
1. The system instilled by the Tokugawa depended on merchants giving ___________
2. Population growth put strain on _______________________ economy
3. Decentralization in Japan led to:
II.
Later Ming and Early Qing Empires
A. The Ming Empire, 1500-1644
1. Climate change led to:
2. Silver from the New World brought to China ___________________ the market
B. Ming Collapse and Rise of the Qing
1. ____________________ overthrew the Ming in 1644 Qing dynasty claimed China
for its own
2. Ming suffered from invaders on its borders
3. Ming also suffered financially:
4. _____________________ family ruled the Qing Empire
C. Trading Companies and Missionaries
1. Chinese only allowed limited access in ________________ trade
2. Jesuits converted Chinese __________________
D. Emperor Kangxi
1. ____________________becomes ruler at 16
2. During his reign the Qing dynasty incorporated many foreign ideas and
technologies in their advancement:
3. Jesuits converted Chinese and let them have their ____________________ beliefs
E. Chinese Influence on Europe
1. The wealth of the Qing dynasty attracted a lot of trade from Europe:
F. Tea and Diplomacy
1. Foreign trade could only come through one city(____________________); this was
successful until 1700
2. Foreign countries (_______________, ________________, _______________)
tried to amend this policy with no success
III.
Russian Empire
A. Drive across Northern Asia
1. ______________________ took control of Russia after the rule of the Mongols
2. Russia only could expand ___________ because _____________ was already
civilized
B. Russian Society and Politics
1. Cossacks:
2. Russian aristocrats: _________________ put Romanov in power
3. _______________________ takes power in 1613 and takes most of the freedoms
away from the peasants
4. 1649 peasants were made into __________________
C. Peter the Great
1. Fought to gain a port in the _____________________ and to free
_________________ of Muslim rule
2. Great Northern War was won and Peter built the capital of ____________________
3. Attempted to modernize Russia building ________________ plants and strengthen
the ____________________
D. Consolidation of the Empire
1. Russians dominated the North Pacific with natural resources of Siberia:
IV.
NOTES:
2. During Catherine the Great Russia was the largest ______________ empire
Comparative Perspectives
A. Political Comparison
1. Between 1500 and 1800 China and Russia grew dramatically
2. Japan failed to add colonies to its empire
B. Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons
1. Russia and China both tolerated diversity and promoted cultural assimilation
2. Russian and Chinese leaders both used foreign ideas but saw their culture as
superior