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Nouns 9/13/2010 1:53:00 PM Term Key Concept noun a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea compound noun made up of two or more words used together as a single noun common noun names any one of a group of persons, places, things, or ideas proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea *begins with a capital letter concrete noun names a person, place, or thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic collective noun a word that names a group Pronouns 9/13/2010 1:53:00 PM Term Key Concept pronoun a word used in place of one or more nouns or pronouns antecedent the word that a pronoun stands for Examples Pronoun-Antecedent Practice: Underline the pronouns and bold the antecedents. 1. The passengers scrambled to find their luggage. 2. One salesperson shouted, “The brown bag belongs to me! It has my name on it!” personal pronoun refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the one spoken about (third person) intensive pronoun emphasizes a noun or another pronoun *Sentence still makes sense without it Singular 1st 2nd 3rd Plural reflexive pronoun refers to the subject *Sentence meaning changes without it Practice: Underline each pronoun. After the sentence, identify each pronoun as personal, reflexive, or intensive. 1. British explorer Sir Richard Burton himself wrote many books about his adventures in Africa. 2. We watched the movie about Robert O’Hara Burke’s trip across Australia in the 1800s. 3. Queen Isabella of Spain herself gave approval for the famous voyages of Christopher Columbus. 4. Matthew Henson prided himself on being the first person actually to reach the North Pole. 5. Lewis and Clark surely considered themselves lucky to have Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, as their guide. demonstrative points out a person, pronoun place, thing, or idea This that these those Those pants are very cute! *When used to modify a noun or pronoun, these words are adjectives interrogative pronoun a pronoun which introduces a question What which who whom whose *When used to modify a noun or pronoun, these words are adjectives relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause indefinite pronoun refers to a person, place, thing, or idea That which who whom whose that may or may not be specifically named Practice: Underline each pronoun. After the sentence, identify each pronoun as personal, reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, or indefinite. 1. This is Tito Puente himself at the ceremony to install his star on Hollywood’s Walk of Fame. 2. Many refer to him as the “King of Latin Music” or the “King of Salsa.” 3. Who is the woman kneeling beside him? 4. She is Celia Cruz, the Cuban salsa singer, and you can see for yourself both of them are very happy and proud. 5. Everybody has heard of some of the entertainers honored on the Walk of Fame. j Adjectives 9/13/2010 1:53:00 PM Term Key Concept Examples adjective modifies a noun or pronoun I have three quizzes today. The pretty flowers smell lovely. *answers the questions “How Those people are next in line. many?,” “What kind?,” or “Which one?” article the most frequently used adjectives *A and AN refer to any member of a group; THE refers to someone or something in particular demonstrative adjective points out a noun or a This, that, these and those pronoun Please throw these papers away. *These same words, when they take the place or a noun, are called demonstrative pronouns proper adjective an adjective formed from a proper noun Mexico- Mexican Britain- British *Begins with a capital letter America- Americanxxx Practice: Underline the adjectives in the following sentences. 1. For eighty-four days, Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman, had not caught a single fish. 2. Despite his bad luck, he remained hopeful. 3. On the eighty-fifth day, he caught a ten-pound albacore. 4. Soon after this catch, he hooked a huge marlin. 5. For nearly two days, the courageous fisherman struggled with the mighty fish and finally harpooned it. 6. Exhausted but happy, Santiago sailed toward shore. Verbs 9/13/2010 1:53:00 PM verb a word used to express action or a state of being *Verbs are classified in three ways – (1) as helping or main verbs, (2) as action or linking verbs, and (3) as transitive or intransitive verbs TERM KEY CONCEPT EXAMPLES helping verb in a verb phrase, helps the main verb express action or See p. 372 - forms of be, have, and do are common am is are was were be being been state of being do does did had has have can could may might must shall should will would main verb in a verb phrase, the main word expressing action or a state of being In the verb phrase VERBS AND VERB PHRASES PRACTICE Helping verbs in bold! 1. Many people are earning their livings at unusual jobs. 2. Even today, people can find jobs as shepherds and candlestick makers. 3. Some people have been working as bike messengers. 4. You may have seen them as they were riding their bikes through town. 5. With a little imagination, anyone can find an unusual job. action verb a verb that expresses physical or mental action linking verb connects the subject See p. 375 - forms of be, sense to a word or word verbs are common group that identifies or describes the Am is are was were be being been subject Mental Action: To wish to understand to trust to dream to remember to realize… Appear grow seem stay become look smell taste feel remain. *Use = or form of be to test! ACTION AND LINKING VERBS PRACTICE Linking Action 1. Chili cook-offs appear popular with chili fans. 2. Chili peppers are important ingredients in Mexican cooking. 3. Chili varies from spicy to fiery hot. 4. You also find many recipes for chili without meat. 5. Chili powder smells wonderful to chili fans. transitive verb expresses an action directed toward a person, place, thing, Transitive verbs express action or idea directed toward a person, place, thing, or idea. *Ask “what?” or “whom?” after the Linking verbs are NEVER transitive verb. If there is an verbs answer, the verb is transitive intransitive verb expresses action (or tells something about the subject) without the action passing to a receiver * Linking verbs are always intransitive TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS PRACTICE 1. Margarita read her new book. -Tran 2. Tom is walking outside. - In 3. The boys left their notebooks in the room.- Tran 4. The boys left early from the party. -In 5. The boys left in a hurry.- Intransitive 6. Molly left her dog in the park. Adverbs 9/13/2010 1:53:00 PM Key Concept a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb Adverb Examples When? Where? Louis PROMPTLY rounded up The said the forest fire started HERE. suspects. THEN several suspects were questioned. The couple was married NEARBY. How? To what extent? The accident occurred SUDDENLY. The prime minister spoke CAREFULLY. Ms. Kwan was QUITE proud of the girls debate team. She has SCARCELY begun the math lesson. Modifying verbs Adverbs may before or after the words they modify Add verbs may come between the parts of verb phrases. Modifying adjectives Modifying adverbs Find the Adverbs and the Words They Modify 1. We traveled there by train. 2. Handle the kittens carefully. 3. The tiny sailboat traveled far. 4. Yesterday, I could not see the problem clearly. 5. When was the Parthenon built? 6. The submarine drove rather slowly. 7. The team is extremely proud of its record. Prepositions 9/13/2010 1:53:00 PM Term Key Concept Examples preposition a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun (called the object of the preposition) See chart on p. 386-387 about, among, above, across, after, against, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, by, down, to another word during, , ne except, for, from, in, inside, into, like ar, of, off, on, out, outside, over, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, without, according to, because of, in addition to, in front of, in spite of, instead of, on account of, out of object of the preposition the noun or pronoun which follows a preposition and is related by the preposition to another word prepositional phrase a phrase which begins with a preposition and ends with the obj. of the preposition; also may contain modifiers **Phrases that contain verbs (“to run”) are NOT prepositional phrases Practice: Underline each prepositional phrase. Bold the object of the preposition. 1. The man stops for lunch and builds his first fire. 2. The man breaks through the ice and becomes wet halfway to the knees. 3. The fire is put out by snow that falls from a tree. 4. As the man realizes he might be freezing to death, he runs in panic and fear. 5. The dog runs toward the other men. Conjunctions 9/13/2010 1:53:00 PM Term Key Concept conjunction a word used to join words or groups of words coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words that are used in the same way correlative conjunction pairs of conjunctions that join words or groups of words that are used in the same way Examples F A N B O Y S Practice: Underline each conjunction. After the sentence, write which type it is. 1. “You can’t just wake up in the morning and say you don’t care what the rest of the world thinks,” said Leo. 2. Both Leo and Stargirl are shunned by the students at Mica Area High School. 3. Leo likes Stargirl, but he doesn’t know what to do about it. 4. Neither Leo nor Kevin was happy with the way the jury treated Stargirl on Hot Seat. 5. Leo was worried, for Stargirl had vanished from sight. Interjections 9/13/2010 1:53:00 PM