Download Unit 5: A Crisis of Union part I (1840-1860) - AP US History

APUSH Unit 5
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Unit 5: A Crisis of Union part I (1840-1860)
Essential Question:
To what extent and in what ways did the Civil War & Reconstruction fundamentally change the
nation?
Overview:
This unit takes a broad look at the causes and effects of the Civil War - starting with the
territorial acquisitions of Texas and the Mexican Cession and ending with the failure of
Reconstruction.
The Civil War is the most devastating conflict in US history thus far, and its effects have left
deep scars that continue to echo to this day. Historians point to several contributing factors to its
outbreak in 1860 - the bitter sectional divisions over slavery in the wake of western expansion; the
proliferation of reform movements (especially in the North) in the wake of the Second Great
Awakening; the regional economic differences, and interdependence, of the northern, southern, and
frontier regions in the wake of the industrial, agricultural, and transportation revolutions; and the
accompanying social and cultural changes that resulted from these processes. Despite attempts to
compromise these differences, American society and politics in the 1850's grew increasingly more
hostile along sectional lines with the issues of states rights and slavery at the heart of the tensions,
specifically the right of a state to allow slavery within its borders.
The causes of the war were complex, which is why conflict became impossible to avoid. For
the South it started as a fight to defend her culture and states rights, but became a defensive war to
protect her territory. For the North, what started as an offensive war to punish the secessionists and
restore the Union, became a struggle to also end the institutions of slavery. The Union victory left the
Southern economy and infrastructure devastated, but the post-war reconstruction of the Union
raised many of the same questions about federal power and states rights that caused it. In the end,
the South gained a renewed opportunity to rebuild a racially segregated society and economy, which
the rest of the nation eventually acquiesced to as their attentions turned toward a 'Gilded Age' of
economic expansion and social change.
Focus Questions:
 In what ways did western territorial expansion contribute to the emergence of sectional
tensions in the antebellum period?
 Why did attempts to resolve sectional tensions through political compromise, in the period
1820-1861, ultimately fail?
 How did regional differences contribute to the eventual military victory of the Union over the
Confederacy?
 How did the Civil War change the dynamics of political power in the United States?
 How and why did political, social, and economic conflicts make attempts to reconstruct the
Union a challenging process?
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APUSH Unit 5
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Reference
American Pageant CHAPTER 13: 275-280 - Gone To Texas
See also Takaki reading with chapter 17 below
 Why was the Alamo significant?
 Which ethnicities made up the American settlers of Texas?
 Why did American settlers move to Texas in the first place?
 Why did Texas rebel against Mexican rule?
Key Terms:
Sam Houston
General Santa Ana
The Alamo
Tejas
Stephen Austin
Lone Star Rebellion
Davy Crockett
Jose Antonio Navarro
"The Old Three Hundred"
The Texas Revolution
American Pageant Chapter 16: The South & the Slavery Controversy – 1793-1860
African American Lives chapter 7: The Antebellum Era
 How did the rise of "King Cotton" affect the lives of white and black Southerners?
 How did slavery affect the culture of the South?
 How, when, and where did black slaves and white abolitionists fight back against slavery? How did
slaveowning Southerners respond?
Key Terms:
Pageant Pages 350–356
Eli Whitney
“Cotton Kingdom”
Planter aristocracy
Sir Walter Scott
“Poor white
trash”/“hillbillies”/“crackers”
Pages 356–362
Free blacks
Sold “down the river”
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Pageant Pages 362–368
Abolitionism
American Colonization Society
Liberia
British emancipation
Theodore Weld
Lyman Beecher
William Lloyd Garrison
The Liberator
American Anti-Slavery Society
Wendell Phillips
Sojourner Truth
Martin Delaney
Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy
“Free-soilers”
African-American Lives Pages 169177
Frederick Douglass
Solomon Northrup
Plantation life
Female slaves
Lower South
Upper South
Leasing/Self-hiring
Mulattoes
Harriet Jacobs
"Abroad" spouses
Psychological resistance
Afro-Christianity
Pages 177-184
Denmark Vessey
Nat Turner
David Walker's Appeal to the Colored
Citizens
Freedom's Journal
African Society of Free People of
Color
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APUSH Unit 5
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Reference
American Pageant Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny & Its Legacy
Ronald Takaki: A Different Mirror, "Foreigners In Their Native Land"
 How did border dispute with British territory proceed in a very different manner than those with
Mexico? Why do you think this was the case?
 Why did the migration of American settlers into Texas and California create conflict with the
Mexican authorities? What social, cultural, and economic differences best exemplify the nature of
this conflict?
 What made Texas' admission to become a state such a contentious topic for the nation?
 Why did the US covet California?
 What were the American motives for engineering a war against Mexico? Why did Whigs question
whether Mexico or the US started the war?
 What were the peace terms forced onto Mexico at the end of the war? To what extent do you think
this was a fair deal?
 What "poison" did the acquisition of Mexican territory unleash upon the United States?
Pages 370-374
William Henry Harrison
Daniel Webster
Henry Clay
John Tyler
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Maine boundary dispute
Pages 374–377
Texas Republic ('Lone Star Republic')
Admission of Texas (1845)
"Conscience Whigs"
Oregon Fever
Oregon Trail (1840s)
Pages 377–380
“Manifest Destiny”
1844 election
“Fifty-four Forty”
James K. Polk
Pages 380–384
California, 1845
Texas border dispute
Nueces River
"American Blood on American Soil"
Polk's war message (1846)
Gen. Santa Anna
Bear-Flag Republic
Steven W. Kearney
Battle of Veracruz
Gen. Zachary Taylor
John C. Fremont
Gen. Winfield Scott
Attack on Mexico City (1847)
Pages 384–388
Nicholas P. Trist
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
“Mexican Whigs”
“Californios”
Missions & Presidios
Father Junipero Serra
Wilmot Proviso (1846)
"Foreigners In Their Native Land"
Tejas
Illegal aliens
The Alamo
Sam Houston
Gen. Santa Anna
Battle of San Jacinto
Texas border dispute
Annexation of California
Mariano Vallejo
Bear Flag Revolt
Los Osos
Gente de raison
Mestizos
Richard Henry Dana
John D. Sloat
John L. O'Sullivan
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APUSH Unit 5
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Reference
American Pageant Chapter 18: Renewing The Sectional Struggle
A Different Mirror - Chapter 5 "No More Peck O'Corn"
 How was the Underground Railroad organized?
 How did the Compromise of 1850 attempt to solve the sectional tensions surrounding
territorial expansion? What did the Compromise propose?
 Why were free blacks in the north only "north of slavery"? To what extent did attitudes
toward race differ between the North & South really differ?
Pages 390–396
Pages 404–408
Gen. Zachery Taylor (Whig)
Popular sovereignty
“Free-Soil” Party
John Sutter
Stephen Douglas
California gold rush (1848)
California admission application
(1849)
Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman
Fugitive slave laws
The “Bloodhound Bill”
Pacific railroad route
Jefferson Davis
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Sen. Stephen A. Douglas
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Republican Party (1854
Pages 396–401
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
Daniel Webster
Seventh of March Speech (1850)
William H. Seward
Millard Fillmore (1850)
Compromise of 1850
Southern “fire eaters”
"No More Peck O'Corn"
David Walker
Segregation in the North
Philadelphia & New York race riots
Northern stereotypes of black
Americans
Pages 401–404
Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (Dem.)
Gen. Winfield Scott (Whig)
Whig Party demise (1852)
William Walker
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Com. Matthew C. Perry (Japan, 1854)
Ostend Manifesto (1854)
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APUSH Unit 5
Heasman
Reference
African American Lives - Chapter 8 (220-227)
American Pageant Chapter 19: Drifting Towards Disunion




In what ways did abolitionist literature and protests harden the resolve of Southerners?
Which African-American writers and stories do you think were most powerful? Why?
How did white Southern authors respond to the slave narratives and abolitionist novels?
How many Southerners actually owned slaves? Where was slavery most concentrated in
the 1850's?
 Some historians have suggested the Civil War really started in Kansas in 1854, then spread
nationwide after 1861. To what extent do you think this view is valid?
 How did political conflicts in the decade up to 1860 (both ideological and physical) reflect
the growing sectional divisions over slavery?
 What did the Dred Scott ruling imply for abolitionists and free-soilers?
 What made the Lincoln-Douglass debates so significant?
 Why did the Democrat Party split? What did Democrats fear about the prospect of Lincoln
being elected?
 What events caused South Carolina to secede? How did the outgoing president respond?
 In your opinion, which three events between 1850 and 1860 were most responsible for the
collapse of any hopes for a compromise between the sectional factions over slavery?
Key Facts - pages 409-416
Henry Ward Beecher
John Brown
Pottawatomie Creek (1856)
Lecompton Constitution (1857)
Buchanan veto
Sen. Charles Sumner
Sen. Preston Brooks
1856 election
James Buchanan (Dem.)
John C. Fremont (Rep.)
American (“Know-Nothing”) Party
Pages 417-423
Dred Scott v Sandford
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney
Crash of 1857
Homestead Act
Tariff of 1857
Pages 419–422
Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln-Douglas debates
The “Little Giant”
“Freeport Doctrine”
John Brown
Harpers Ferry (1859)
Pages 424-432
Northern Democrats
Southern Democrats
Crittenden Compromise attempt
1860 election
Steven Douglas
John C. Brekinridge
John Bell
William H. Seward
Lincoln
South Carolina secession
Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
African-American Lives
Slave Narratives
William & Ellen Craft
Henry "Box" Brown
Northern black voices
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Wilson
William C. Neil
William Wells Brown
Francis Ellen Watkins
White abolitionist appeals
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
William Gilmore Simms
George Fitzhugh
Hinton Rowe Helper
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APUSH Unit 5
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Reference
American Pageant Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North & the South
 Which states seceded, and why?
 Why would the European superpowers care about the outbreak of the Civil War? How did
they seek to try and exploit America's internal conflict fro their own goals in the western
hemisphere?
 How did the Union and the Confederacy try to use diplomacy to get the British and French
onto their sides? How did these foreign policy and diplomatic issues create challenges for
both the Union and the Confederacy?
 What was Lincoln's primary goal at the start of the war? What made the Border States so
important for the Union?
 How did the North & South compare in terms of their respective economic and military
power? Which side do you think was more prepared for war, and why?
 How did wartime restrictions on liberties contrast with the rights achieved in the aftermath
of the American Revolution? In what ways did Lincoln possibly violate the Constitution with
his “high handed acts”? Why did Davis’s Confederacy unable (or unwilling?) to exercise such
arbitrary powers?
 Who were the soldiers who actually fought the war?
 How did the Confederate wartime economy compare with that of the Union?
 What effect did the war have on the development of new financial and revenue systems?
Pages 434–438
Fort Sumter (April 1861)
Richmond, Va.
Border states
North’s war aims
Pages 438–441
Robert E. Lee
“Stonewall” Jackson
Ulysses S. Grant
Pages 441–444
Trent Affair (1861)
The Alabama
The “Laird rams”
Dominion of Canada (1867)
Maximilian/Mexico (1863)
Pages 444–447
Jefferson Davis
Blockade
Writ of Habeas Corpus
Conscription Law (1863)
“Three-hundred dollar men”
New York Draft Riots
Pages 447–450
Income tax
Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
“Greenbacks”
War bonds (Jay Cooke & Co.)
National Banking System (1863)
Homestead Act of 1862
U.S. Sanitary Commission
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APUSH Unit 5
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Reference
Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War
 How did Union and Confederate troops feel about how the war would progress when it
started in 1861?
 What was the 'Peninsular Campaign'? What was its goal, and to what extent was it a success?
 Following the Seven Days' Battles, how did the Union strategy change? How did the Union
propose to defeat the Confederacy?
 What made the Battles of Antietam (1862) and Gettysburg (1863) such pivotal points in the
war?
 What did Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation actually proclaim? What effect did it have on
the war goals of the Union and the Confederacy? How did Lincoln’s use of emancipation as a
declared war goal threaten his popularity in the North?
 Who was Ulysses S. Grant, and what did his army do in the Trans-Mississippi West?
 Who was William Tecumseh Sherman, and what did his army do in the South?
 The popularity of Presidents and political leaders often benefit from a war that is going well,
so was there such opposition to Lincoln when he ran for a second term in 1864? What events
and political strategies do you feel contributed to Lincoln’s reelection?
 What brought the fighting to an end in 1865?
Pages 451–456
Pages 462–468
Pages 468–471
“On to Richmond!”
Bull Run (July 1861)
Gen. “Stonewall” Jackson
Gen. George McClellan
Peninsula Campaign (spring 1862)
Gen. Robert E. Lee
Seven Days’ Battles
Gen. Ambrose Burnside
Battle of Fredericksburg (December
1862)
Gen. “Fighting Joe” Hooker
Battle of Chancellorsville (May 1863)
Gen. George Meade
Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863)
Pickett’s Charge
Gettysburg Address (November 1863)
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Election of 1864
“Peace Democrats”
"War Democrats"
“Copperheads”
Clement Vallandingham
Union Party
Andrew Johnson
George McClellan
Pages 456–462
USS Merrimack (aka CSS Virginia)
versus USS Monitor
Second Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
(August 1862)
Gen. John Pope
Battle of Antietam/Sharpsburg
(September 1862)
Emancipation Proclamation
(September 1862)
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
Forts Henry and Donelson (February
1862)
Battle of Shiloh/Pittsburgh Landing
(April 1862)
Adm. David Farragut
Capture of New Orleans (spring 1862)
Battle of Vicksburg (July 1863)
Gen. William Tecmseh Sherman
Burning of Atlanta (September 1864)
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
Savannah (December 1864)
Pages 471–474
Wilderness campaign (May-June
1864)
Appomattox (April 1865)
Lincoln assassination (April 1865)
John Wilkes Booth
Pages 474–475
Death toll
Monetary cost
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