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6.1 Introduction to Basic Structure of the Human Body The human body often So we begin by described as an efficient, organized machine. When functions incorrectly disease occurs To know what is abnormal, we start with what is normal studying the normal Anatomy: the structure and form of an organism and the Physiology: the study of the processes of living organisms 6.1 Introduction Pathophysiology: the study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes. Cells: Microscopic structures that perform all the functions of life The human body contains trillions of cells They vary in shape, size, and function Intro Most cells have these Nucleus – mass in the basic parts: Cell Membrane – outer protective covering Cytoplasm – semifluid inside the cell Organelles – structures help cell to function located in cytoplasm cytoplasm, the “brain” Nucleolus – located inside the nucleus, important for cell reproduction Chromatin – Located in the nucleus, made of DNA Centrosome – Located in the cytoplasm near nucleus, contains 2 centrioles Intro & Cells Mitochondria – rod- Lysosomes – oval or shaped organelles round bodies found located throughout the throughout the cytoplasm cytoplasm Golgi apparatus – Pinocytic Vesicles – stack of membrane Pocket like folds in the layers in the cytoplasm cell membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum – Fine network of tubular structures Cell Reproduction Mitosis – Form of asexual reproduction, the process of a cell dividing into two identical cells Meiosis – This process uses two separate cell divisions to produce four new cells ( Sex cells divide this way) Scientists are attempting to determine if stem cells can be transplanted into the body and used to cure diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's Heart disease , osteoporosis and arthritis Tissue Tissue – Cells of same type join together for a common purpose Tissue Fluid - is 60 – 90 % H2O Dehydration – Insufficient amount of tissue fluid Edema – Excess amount of tissue fluid (Swelling of Tissues) Four main groups of Tissues: Epithelial Tissue – Covers the surface of the body (Main tissue of the skin) Connective Tissue – Supporting fabric of organs and other body parts Two main types: Soft Connective ex. Adipose (fatty tissue) Fibrous ex. Ligaments and Tissues Continued Connective Continued 3 Main types of Muscle Hard connective tissue – Tissue: Skeletal – attach to bones for movement Cardiac – Causes the heart to beat Visceral (Smooth) – Present in walls of respiratory, digestive, urinary tract, and blood vessels. cartilage and bone Nerve Tissue – Made up of special cells called neurons (Nerves, Brain, and Spinal Cord) Muscle Tissue – Produces power and movement by contraction of muscle fibers. Organs and Systems Organ – 2 or more There 12 basic tissues joined together for a specific function System – Organs and other body parts joined together to perform a particular function systems of the body: Integumentary – Skin Skeletal – Bones Muscular – Muscles Circulatory – Heart Lymphatic – Lymph Nervous – Brain, Nerves, Spinal Cord Systems Continued: Special Senses –Eyes, Ears, Taste, Smell , Sense of Balance Respiratory – Lungs Digestive – Stomach, Intestines Urinary(Excretory) – Kidneys Endocrine – Glands Reproductive – Sex Organs Summary: Cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs and other body parts combing to form systems.