Download CAREER ENGLISH Main Idea *is important information that tells

CAREER ENGLISH
Main Idea
*is important information that tells more about the overall idea of a paragraph or section of a text; sa mga
paragraph, laging merong isang sentence kung saan parang naka-concentrate dun ung idea mismo nung writer.
Hindi ung sentence, ung idea. IDEA. Main – IDEA! Oh diba?
Topic Sentence
*functions as a mini-thesis for the paragraph
*states the main idea of the paragraph, with the rest of the paragraph developing this central point; andito sa
sentence na ‘toh ang main idea (o ang nais ipaalam ng author concerning the paragraph), therefore ang tawag
sa sentence na ito ay… Topic Sentence! Lahat ng topic sentence, merong main Idea. At lahat ng paragraph,
merong topic sentence. Tada!
*it signals the subject of the paragraph & often indicates your attitude towards the subject; ano ba ung
pinaguusapan/paguusapan at ano ba ung nararamdaman mo tungkol dito?
*are flexible elements that can be altered in many ways as long as each paragraph is unified & serves to develop
the essay’s thesis; usually nasa- first sentence ng paragraph, pero pwede ring hindi, kaya mag-ingat.
Thesis Statement
*the central idea in an essay, usually expressed in one-or-two sentence thesis statement
*it is the controlling idea that consists of a particular slant (stand/opinion), angle or point of view about the limited
subject; argumentative, you really really want to prove something, nandito ung opinion mo tungkol sa topic
Basic Requirements for a Thesis Statement:
- states the topic of the research paper; the main idea
- shows purpose of your essay/paper
- shows direction of your argument
- written in focused, specific language
- interesting, showing clear voice and style
Research Paper
- Clear thesis
- Strong understanding of the topic/sources used
- Evidence that you have read widely for both the topic and the recognized authorities in the field
- Shows opposition but shows why the point being argued is more valid; being humble in a way na alam mong
may ibang pwedeng iconsider na point of view pero dapat pinapaalam mo na mastama ka
- Points are organized in a clear and logical way
- Each point supported by solid persuasive facts and examples
- All outside source is carefully documented; lahat na hindi nanggaling sa’yo dapat i-credit sa tamang gumawa
- Supporting material can be verified; by stating kung saan mo nakuha ung mga information mo, that means it
exists talaga at pwede pang magamit ng iba
Research Paper VS Term Paper
RESEARCH PAPER:
- Argues a point; meron kang opinion sa topic and you have necessary information para maipagtanggol ang point
mo (research)
- Formulates a thesis; it’s like a thesis (but not exactly) in a way na the whole thing consists of the subject or topic
and then it also shows kung ano ba ung opinion mo tungkol dun. Remember na the word “thesis” refers to the
central idea, hindi ung paper mismo. Tawag sa paper na ginagamitan ng thesis ay… Research Paper! Ba-jenk!
- Argumentative/Persuasive; your information shows to prove something
- Evaluates
- Considers Why and How
TERM PAPER:
- Presents data; data lang siya. Period.
- Reports what others said; wala kang opinion tungkol sa topic – you give credit to the due author/s
- Expository/descriptive; meaning rich in info
- Summarizes; rich pero summarized - only the necessary and related stuff are given
- Considers what
Outlining
- From the general points slowly narrowing down into more specific points
- the purpose of this kasi is para organized ka; para malaman mo kung anong kulang, anong pang kelangan and
stuff. Self-explanatory naman diba? :D
GRAMMAR
REPORTED SPEECH
Basic tense chart
The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):
present simple
I'm a teacher.
present progressive
I'm having lunch with my parents.
present perfect simple
I've been to France three times.
present perfect progressive
I've been working very hard.
past simple
I bought a new car.
past progressive
It was raining earlier.
past perfect
The play had started when I arrived.
past perfect progressive
I'd already been living in London for five years.
past simple
He said he was a teacher
past progressive
He said he was having lunch with his parents.
past perfect simple
He said he had been to France three times.
past perfect progressive
He said he had been working very hard.
past perfect
He said he had bought a new car.
past perfect progressive
He said it had been raining earlier.
past perfect
NO CHANGE POSSIBLE
past perfect progressive
NO CHANGE POSSIBLE
Reminders:
Present Progressive – subject + auxiliary verb + verb-ing
- The rule sort of goes like this: “I am doing, I am doing tomorrow”
Present Perfect – subject + auxiliary verb + past participle of the verb
- “I have done”
Present Perfect Progressive – subject + has/had/have + been + verb-ing
- “I have been doing”
Past Progressive – subject + was/were + verb-ing
- “I was doing”
Past Perfect – subject + had + past participle of the verb
- “I had done”
Past Perfect Progressive – subject + had been + verb-ing
- “I had been doing”
{ Back to Reported Speech: }
In reported speech, these words change:
will  would
can  could
must  had to
shall  should
may  might
now  then
tonight  that night
today  that day
ago  before
here  there
yesterday  the day before; the previous day
this  that
tomorrow  the next/following day; day after
In reported imperatives or reported requests:
positive imperative
Shut up!
tell + infinitive
He told me to shut up.
negative imperative
Don't do that again!
tell + not + infinitive
He told me not to do it
again.
imperatives as requests
Please give me some
money.



ask + infinitive
He asked me to give him
some money.
Infinitives are: to + verb
Gerunds are: verb + ing and is used as a NOUN
Participles are: verb + ing/ed/en and is used as an ADJECTIVE
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
- This is the FANBOYS thing. XD
- It connects words, phrases and clauses of equal importance.
- For, And, Nor (neither…nor), But, Or (either…or), Yet and So
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
- Are transition words, not connecting words.
- Transitional devices between two independent clauses; or one main though and another
- Dahil nga transitional sila, you can tell from the adverbs kung ano ung susunod – that’s why the adverbs here
are subdivided into ADDITION, CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, CONDITION – CONSEQUENCE,
CONCESSION – CONTRAEXPECTATION. Parang, it should give the reader the sense how the two main
clauses and thoughts are related. If they mean almost the same, then the transitional adverb should be under
Addition. If the two main thoughts go against each other, then you use a Contrasting adverb. If the two main
thoughts are cause and effect, then, obviously, you use a cause and effect adverb. With Concession – Contraexpectation, it’s like a positive sentence tpos magkakaron ng negative sentence or negative and then positive, so
you use an adverb under Concession – Contra-expectation. { Woot. Math skills level up! Haha. XD Amen?
Amen. }
Addition: also, besides, furthermore, indeed, in fact, likewise, moreover, in addition
Cause and Effect: as a result, consequently, hence, therefore, thus
Contrast: on the other hand, on the contrary
Condition – Consequence: or else, otherwise
Concession – Contra-expectation: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding
PARALLELISM
(this whole part is from the internet. Online Writing Lab. Haha. I found it complete already. XD)
Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of
importance. This can happen at the word, phrase, or clause level. The usual way to join parallel structures is
with the use of coordinating conjunctions such as "and" or "or."
1. Words and Phrases
With the -ing form (gerund) of words:
Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.
With infinitive phrases:
Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
OR
Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.)
Do not mix forms.
Example 1
Not Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.
Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle.
Example 2
Not Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed
manner.
Parallel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
Example 3
Not Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the
exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low.
Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the
exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation.
2. Clauses
A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. Changing to another pattern or changing
the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism.
Example 1
Not Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much,
and to do some warm-up exercises before the game.
Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and
that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.
-- or -Parallel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up
exercises before the game.
Example 2
Not Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be
time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers.
(passive)
Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for
him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions.
3. Lists after a colon
Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.
Example 1
Not Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct
spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.
Parallel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct
spellings, and irregular verbs.
Proofreading Strategies to try:
Skim your paper, pausing at the words "and" and "or." Check on each side of these words to see whether the
items joined are parallel. If not, make them parallel.
If you have several items in a list, put them in a column to see if they are parallel.
Listen to the sound of the items in a list or the items being compared. Do you hear the same kinds of sounds? For
example, is there a series of "-ing" words beginning each item? Or do your hear a rhythm being repeated? If
something is breaking that rhythm or repetition of sound, check to see if it needs to be made parallel.