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Transcript
3rd Marking Period Anatomy Exam 2 Review: Chapter 14 Matching: Be able to match each heart structure to its characteristic or function Aorta – largest artery in the body; carries blood from left ventricle to the body Apex – point of maximum impulse Base – broadest part of the heart Left atrium – receives oxygenated blood from the lungs Left ventricle – pumps oxygenated blood to the body Right atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from the body Right ventricle – pumps blood to the lungs Matching: Be able to match each heart valve to its location Aortic valve – between left ventricle and aorta Mitral valve – between left atrium and left ventricle Pulmonary valve – between right ventricle and pulmonary artery Semilunar valve – regulate flow between ventricles and great arteries; includes the aortic valve and pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve – between right atrium and right ventricle Multiple choice topics: Atrioventricular node – if the AV node initiates cardiac impulses instead of the SA node, it can cause a decrease in pulse rate Automaticity – heart’s ability to initiate its own impulse Average ejection fraction – 70% Cardiac acceleratory center – activates the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress or increased physical activity Cardiac center of the brain – located in the medulla oblongata Cardiac cycle – series of events from the beginning of one heartbeat to the start of the next Cardiac impulses slow down – at the AV node to give the atria time to empty and ventricles time to fill Cardiac output – determined by heart rate and stroke volume Cardiac valves – open and close due to pressure changes in the cardiac chambers Chemoreceptors – detect changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood Contractility – force of ventricular ejection; greatly affected by a weak left ventricle Coronary arteries – receive blood when both ventricles relax ECG tracing – a long PR interval indicates damage to the pathway between the SA node and AV node Ejection fraction – measurement directly related to stroke volume Endocardium – inner layer of the heart wall Endocardium importance – it is smooth to help prevent blood clotting Heart skeleton – electrically insulates the ventricles from the atria Inotropic medication – can be used to increase contractility Left ventricle – has the thickest and strongest walls since it must pump blood to the entire body Mitral valve incompetence – causes blood to flow backward into the left atrium Myocardial infarction – can be caused by fatty deposit in a coronary artery or blood clot Necrosis in the myocardium – if this develops in the left ventricle it can cause backup of blood into the pulmonary circulation Phases of the cardiac cycle – passive ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation Primary pacemaker – if it fails, another area of the electrical system will initiate a heartbeat Progression of blood flow through heart and lungs – right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle Progression of cardiac impulse – SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers Pulomary veins and arteries – pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood and they bring blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood and they bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium Right coronary artery – supplies blood to the right atrium, most of the right ventricle, and to parts of the left atrium and left ventricle Starling’s law of the heart – describes the relationships among end-diastolic volume, muscle fiber stretching, and contractile force; example: if the amount of blood returning to the left ventricle increases slightly, contractility will increase Tachycardia – persistent tachycardia can decrease cardiac output because filling time is decreased which decreases stroke volume Vagus nerve – stimulation of the vagus can decrease heart rate