Download 3MP Anatomy Exam 2 Review

3rd Marking Period Anatomy Exam 2 Review: Chapter 14
Matching: Be able to match each heart structure to its characteristic or function
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Aorta – largest artery in the body; carries blood from left ventricle to the body
Apex – point of maximum impulse
Base – broadest part of the heart
Left atrium – receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left ventricle – pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Right atrium – receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right ventricle – pumps blood to the lungs
Matching: Be able to match each heart valve to its location
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Aortic valve – between left ventricle and aorta
Mitral valve – between left atrium and left ventricle
Pulmonary valve – between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Semilunar valve – regulate flow between ventricles and great arteries; includes the aortic valve and
pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve – between right atrium and right ventricle
Multiple choice topics:
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Atrioventricular node – if the AV node initiates cardiac impulses instead of the SA node, it can cause a
decrease in pulse rate
Automaticity – heart’s ability to initiate its own impulse
Average ejection fraction – 70%
Cardiac acceleratory center – activates the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress or increased
physical activity
Cardiac center of the brain – located in the medulla oblongata
Cardiac cycle – series of events from the beginning of one heartbeat to the start of the next
Cardiac impulses slow down – at the AV node to give the atria time to empty and ventricles time to fill
Cardiac output – determined by heart rate and stroke volume
Cardiac valves – open and close due to pressure changes in the cardiac chambers
Chemoreceptors – detect changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the blood
Contractility – force of ventricular ejection; greatly affected by a weak left ventricle
Coronary arteries – receive blood when both ventricles relax
ECG tracing – a long PR interval indicates damage to the pathway between the SA node and AV node
Ejection fraction – measurement directly related to stroke volume
Endocardium – inner layer of the heart wall
Endocardium importance – it is smooth to help prevent blood clotting
Heart skeleton – electrically insulates the ventricles from the atria
Inotropic medication – can be used to increase contractility
Left ventricle – has the thickest and strongest walls since it must pump blood to the entire body
Mitral valve incompetence – causes blood to flow backward into the left atrium
Myocardial infarction – can be caused by fatty deposit in a coronary artery or blood clot
Necrosis in the myocardium – if this develops in the left ventricle it can cause backup of blood into the
pulmonary circulation
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Phases of the cardiac cycle – passive ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction,
ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
Primary pacemaker – if it fails, another area of the electrical system will initiate a heartbeat
Progression of blood flow through heart and lungs – right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left
atrium → left ventricle
Progression of cardiac impulse – SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers
Pulomary veins and arteries – pulmonary arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood and
they bring blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry
oxygenated blood and they bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Right coronary artery – supplies blood to the right atrium, most of the right ventricle, and to parts of the
left atrium and left ventricle
Starling’s law of the heart – describes the relationships among end-diastolic volume, muscle fiber
stretching, and contractile force; example: if the amount of blood returning to the left ventricle increases
slightly, contractility will increase
Tachycardia – persistent tachycardia can decrease cardiac output because filling time is decreased which
decreases stroke volume
Vagus nerve – stimulation of the vagus can decrease heart rate