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Environmental Science Final Review Name __________________________ Period ____ Date ________________ 1) Give an example or two that describe a frog's: a. environment b. ecology 2) List two ways hunter-gatherers are believed to affected their environment? 3) List three ways the birth of agriculture affected the environment. Think about it. 4) List three ways the advent of the Industrial Revolution affected the environment. 5) Place these in order, from first to last: _____ industrial revolution, _____ hunter-gatherers, _____ agricultural revolution 6) What are the three major categories of environmental problems? 7) Classify the following environmental problems. a) acid rain b) the extinction of the Passenger Pigeon c) overfishing in the Atlantic 8) Why did Garrett Hardin infer in his essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" that people can't voluntarily share a common resource? 9) Some people fear we will soon run out of resources and disaster will follow. How could we describe this viewpoint? 10) Other people believe we live in a world of plenty and can find solutions to problems. How could we describe this viewpoint? 11) As a resource (or any other commodity) becomes less available, what happens to it's worth? 12) What "law" describes the phenomenon described in the previous question? 13) Countries with high average incomes and which used a disproportionate amount of the world's resources and produce a disproportionate amount of the worlds pollution can be classified as what? 14) Which type of country generally has the highest rate of population growth? 15) What is a population? 16) What are limiting factors? 17) Explain the principle of exponential growth. 18) Explain the concept of carrying capacity. 19) Why would a consistent two percent growth in the size of a population be an example of exponential growth? 20) Give two examples of density-dependent limiting factors. 21) Give two examples of density-independent limiting factors. 22) Explain how the S-shaped curve and an exponential curve differ. 23) How is the human population currently growing? Why? 24) How did the industrial revolution affect the growth rate of human populations? 25) What is the current approximate world population? Population Number 100 80 60 40 20 0 1/1/1900 1/2/1900 1/3/1900 1/4/1900 1/5/1900 1/6/1900 Time 26) Which graph represents a period of exponential growth? 27) Which graph represents a period of linear growth? 28) Which graph represents a S-shaped curve of population growth? 29) Which graph represents a boom-and-bust period of population growth? 30) What type of death occurs more quickly in crowded populations? 31) Give an example of a population. 32) How would you describe the dispersion pattern of a population of cardinals perched in a holly tree? 33) What is a population's "dispersion?" 34) What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place? 35) Provide an example of a density independent cause of deaths in a population. 36) How would ecologist describe a populations growth in which a newly introduced population increases dramatically within a few years. 37) Which category of countries has the highest birth rate? 38) What is expected to happen to the world population in the future? 39) What are some things high population growth is associated with (causes)? Matching 40. nonliving parts of the environment a. niche 41. study of organisms and their interactions with b. abiotic factors the environment c. ecosystem 42. role an organism plays in the environment d. ecology 43. living parts of the environment e. biotic factors 44. union of organisms and abiotic factors Complete the following: 45. Give three examples of things classified as biotic factors. 46. Give three examples of things classified as abiotic factors. 47. Explain how primary and secondary succession differ. 48. What are the main tropic levels 49. Explain how primary and secondary consumers differ. 50. What is a tertiary consumer? Definitions 51. Community: 52. Ecological succession: 53. Primary succession: 54. Pioneer community: 55. Secondary succession: 56. Climax community: 57) Which of the following is an example of a parasite? a) worm in your intestine b) a lion hunting zebras c) bee stinger in your arm d) honeybee on a flower 61) Two species can be indirect competitors for food if they _____. a) use the same food source at different times b) have different food sources c) fight over food d) eat together peacefully 58) Bacteria in your intestines are an example of mutualism if they _____. a) make you sick b) have no effect on you c) are destroyed by digestive juices d) help you break down food 62) What are the first organisms to colonize any newly available area called? a) climax species b) ferns c) pioneer species d) mosses 59) Predators _____ kill their prey. a) always b) usually c) never d) try not to 63) What is a pattern of change that occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed? a) primary succession b) secondary succession c) tertiary succession d) climax community 60) A robin that does not affect the tree in which it nests is an example of a) parasitism b) commensalism c) mutualism d) predation 64) Which of the following is a producer? a) oak tree b) raccoon c) cockroach d) human Matching 65) an individual living thing a. abiotic factor 66) a group of various species that live in the same place and interact with each b. biotic factor c. community 67) living or once living part of an ecosystem d. ecosystem 68) all the organisms living in an area and their physical environment e. organism 69) all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same f. population g. species other time 70) nonliving part of an ecosystem 71) group of organisms that are closely related and that can mate to produce fertile offspring Matching 72) transfer of energy and matter in a community 73) organisms that make food for the entire community 74) consumers that feed on dead organisms 75) organisms that eat only plants 76) animals that eat only animals 77) animals that eat producers and consumers 78) energy flows from one organism to another through each trophic level 79) interconnected food chains in an ecosystem a. food web b. carnivores c. food chain d. producers e. omnivores f. biomass g. ecological pyramid h. herbivores i. trophic level j. scavengers 80) total mass of organic matter at each trophic level 81) relationship between producers and consumers at different trophic levels. 82) What is the term used to describe … a) water at the surface of a lake becomes water vapor b) rain, snow and sleet c) the process whereby water vapor becomes liquid water d) the process whereby plant roots absorb liquid water e) the process whereby plant leaves release water vapor into the surrounding air f) water that flows over ground and into a body of water g) water that soaks into the ground and enters groundwater 83) What percent of the Earth's water is salt water? 84) Is fresh water evenly distributed around the planet? 85) What are some ways we get water to regions that don't have enough? 86) What is a watershed? 87) How do groundwater and surface water differ? 88) What do you call an underground formation that contains usable amounts of water? 89) What do you call the surface where water percolates down into the groundwater? 90) What are the three main human uses of water? 91) Worldwide, rank the three main uses based on the amount of water used. 92) How can farmers conserve water? 93) How can industry conserve water? Matching _____ 94) ground-level ozone a. primary pollutant _____ 95) scrubber b. secondary pollution _____ 96) radon gas c. indoor air pollution _____ 97) nitrogen oxides d. pollution control _____ 98) decreased pH e. acid precipitation _____ 99) possible long-term effect of air pollution f. temperature inversion _____ 100) necessary to control acid precipitation g. lung cancer _____ 101) atmospheric condition trapping pollution h. deafness _____ 102) possible short-term effect of air pollution i. international agreement _____ 103) possible long-term effect of air pollution j. nausea Primary or secondary pollutant? 104. ground-level ozone __________________ 105. soot from smoke __________________ 106. cigarette smoke __________________ 107. CFCs __________________ 108. nitrogen oxides __________________ 109. acid rain __________________ 110) List some possible causes of sick-building syndrome? 111) Of what are catalytic converters, scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators examples? 112) Acid precipitation is formed when _________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 113) What happens to CFC once they are in the atmosphere? Matching 114) international agreement to limit CFC production a. DNA damage 115) potential result of high UV radiation at Earth's surface b. Montreal Protocol 116) stratospheric ozone c. destroyed by CFCs Use the word bank to complete the following sentences. Not all words in the bank will be used and some may be used more than once. Some statements can use more than one of the words in the bank. absorption of rainwater runoff clear-cutting cropland forestland infrastructure irrigation and evaporation land-use planning moderation of temperature overharvesting overuse of land parks and preserves provision of aesthetic value rangelend and pasture reforestation rural selective cutting source of lumber for homes suburban suburbanization urban wilderness 117. Land that contains relatively few people and large areas of open space is considered ___________________. 118. Tree harvesting methods include ___________________. 119. A fire station is and example of __________________. 120. Environmental benefits of open spaces include ___________________. 121. _________________ uses the largest amount of land in the United States. 122. _________________ is protected land. 123. One cause of desertification is _________________. 124. One cause of salinization is ___________________. Answer the following questions. 125. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, how many people must an urban area contain? 126. What does it mean to say a piece of land is arable? 127. What are some causes of soil erosion? 128. What is weathering, as it pertains to rocks? 129) The energy in fossil fuels is often converted into _____. a) b) c) d) electricity magnetic fields uranium power plants 130) Internal combustion engines release _____. a) carbon dioxide into the atmosphere b) nuclear waste into the atmosphere c) iodized oil into the atmosphere d) methane into the atmosphere 131) Which of the following is NOT a consequence of using nuclear energy? a) production of electricity b) reduction in the use of fossil fuels c) a safer environment for humans d) release of less radioactivity into the atmosphere than burning coal 132) Which of the following is NOT true? a) Uranium-bearing rocks are in unlimited supply. b) Building and maintaining a safe reactor is very expensive. c) It is difficult to find a safe place to store nuclear waste. d) The fission process can get out of control 133) Where is the energy in fossil fuels ultimately from? 134) What are the five major factors that influence the value of a particular fuel? 135) What are some advantages of nuclear energy? 136) What are some disadvantages of nuclear energy? 137) What are some advantages of using fossil fuels for energy? 138) What are some disadvantages of using fossil fuels for energy? 139) Why are so few new nuclear power plants being built in the U.S.? 140) The combustion of fossil fuels always involves the emission of what common gas? Matching _____ 141) uses collectors on roof a. passive solar _____ 142) uses moving water b. active solar _____ 143) uses heat from Earth's interior c. hydroelectric _____ 144) uses large windows facing the sun d. geothermal e. photovoltaic cell Multiple Choice _____ 145) Renewable energy is energy from sources that _____. a) are constantly being formed b) will take years to deplete c) humans can manufacture d) were once living organisms _____ 146) Flooding of habitats, disruption of ecosystems downstream, and reduced productivity of farmland are disadvantages of _____. a) geothermal energy b) ocean thermal energy conversion c) hydroelectric energy d) tidal power _____ 147) Which element might be the "fuel of the future?" a) oxygen b) carbon c) nitrogen d) hydrogen 148) What is genetic drift? Differentiate among the following, and provide examples: 149) divergent evolution 150) convergent evolution 151) coevolution Define and contrast the following terms: 152) Endangered 153) Threatened 154) Rare 155) Extirpated 156) Extinct 157) Extant Miscellaneous 158) What is sustainability? 159) What is the scope of the study of environmental science? 160) What is biodiversity? 161) What is the ultimate source of almost all energy used by living things? 162) What is a well? 163) How do ground-level ozone and stratospheric ozone differ? Consider several aspects. 164) Worldwide, what activity accounts for the greatest percentage of fresh water used? 165) What is the largest watershed in the U.S.? 166) What is urban sprawl? 167) What is urbanization? 168) What is composting?