Download Environmental Science

Environmental Science
Final Review
Name __________________________
Period ____ Date ________________
1) Give an example or two that describe a frog's:
a. environment
b. ecology
2) List two ways hunter-gatherers are believed to affected their environment?
3) List three ways the birth of agriculture affected the environment. Think about it.
4) List three ways the advent of the Industrial Revolution affected the environment.
5) Place these in order, from first to last: _____ industrial revolution, _____ hunter-gatherers, _____
agricultural revolution
6) What are the three major categories of environmental problems?
7) Classify the following environmental problems.
a) acid rain
b) the extinction of the Passenger Pigeon
c) overfishing in the Atlantic
8) Why did Garrett Hardin infer in his essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" that people can't voluntarily
share a common resource?
9) Some people fear we will soon run out of resources and disaster will follow. How could we describe this
viewpoint?
10) Other people believe we live in a world of plenty and can find solutions to problems. How could we
describe this viewpoint?
11) As a resource (or any other commodity) becomes less available, what happens to it's worth?
12) What "law" describes the phenomenon described in the previous question?
13) Countries with high average incomes and which used a disproportionate amount of the world's resources
and produce a disproportionate amount of the worlds pollution can be classified as what?
14)
Which type of country generally has the highest rate of population growth?
15) What is a population?
16) What are limiting factors?
17) Explain the principle of exponential growth.
18) Explain the concept of carrying capacity.
19) Why would a consistent two percent growth in the size of a population be an example of exponential
growth?
20) Give two examples of density-dependent limiting factors.
21) Give two examples of density-independent limiting factors.
22) Explain how the S-shaped curve and an exponential curve differ.
23) How is the human population currently growing? Why?
24) How did the industrial revolution affect the growth rate of human populations?
25) What is the current approximate world population?
Population Number
100
80
60
40
20
0
1/1/1900
1/2/1900
1/3/1900
1/4/1900
1/5/1900
1/6/1900
Time
26) Which graph represents a period of exponential growth?
27) Which graph represents a period of linear growth?
28) Which graph represents a S-shaped curve of population growth?
29) Which graph represents a boom-and-bust period of population growth?
30) What type of death occurs more quickly in crowded populations?
31) Give an example of a population.
32) How would you describe the dispersion pattern of a population of cardinals perched in a holly tree?
33) What is a population's "dispersion?"
34) What is the term for a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place?
35) Provide an example of a density independent cause of deaths in a population.
36) How would ecologist describe a populations growth in which a newly introduced population increases
dramatically within a few years.
37) Which category of countries has the highest birth rate?
38) What is expected to happen to the world population in the future?
39) What are some things high population growth is associated with (causes)?
Matching
40. nonliving parts of the environment
a. niche
41. study of organisms and their interactions with
b. abiotic factors
the environment
c. ecosystem
42. role an organism plays in the environment
d. ecology
43. living parts of the environment
e. biotic factors
44. union of organisms and abiotic factors
Complete the following:
45. Give three examples of things classified as biotic factors.
46. Give three examples of things classified as abiotic factors.
47. Explain how primary and secondary succession differ.
48. What are the main tropic levels
49. Explain how primary and secondary consumers differ.
50. What is a tertiary consumer?
Definitions
51. Community:
52. Ecological succession:
53. Primary succession:
54. Pioneer community:
55. Secondary succession:
56. Climax community:
57) Which of the following is an example of a
parasite?
a) worm in your intestine
b) a lion hunting zebras
c) bee stinger in your arm
d) honeybee on a flower
61) Two species can be indirect competitors for
food if they _____.
a) use the same food source at different times
b) have different food sources
c) fight over food
d) eat together peacefully
58) Bacteria in your intestines are an example of
mutualism if they _____.
a) make you sick
b) have no effect on you
c) are destroyed by digestive juices
d) help you break down food
62) What are the first organisms to colonize any
newly available area called?
a) climax species
b) ferns
c) pioneer species
d) mosses
59) Predators _____ kill their prey.
a) always
b) usually
c) never
d) try not to
63) What is a pattern of change that occurs on a
surface where an ecosystem has previously
existed?
a) primary succession
b) secondary succession
c) tertiary succession
d) climax community
60) A robin that does not affect the tree in which it
nests is an example of
a) parasitism
b) commensalism
c) mutualism
d) predation
64) Which of the following is a producer?
a) oak tree
b) raccoon
c) cockroach
d) human
Matching
65) an individual living thing
a.
abiotic factor
66) a group of various species that live in the same place and interact with each
b.
biotic factor
c.
community
67) living or once living part of an ecosystem
d.
ecosystem
68) all the organisms living in an area and their physical environment
e.
organism
69) all the members of the same species that live in the same place at the same
f.
population
g.
species
other
time
70) nonliving part of an ecosystem
71) group of organisms that are closely related and that can mate to produce
fertile offspring
Matching
72) transfer of energy and matter in a community
73) organisms that make food for the entire community
74) consumers that feed on dead organisms
75) organisms that eat only plants
76) animals that eat only animals
77) animals that eat producers and consumers
78) energy flows from one organism to another through each trophic
level
79) interconnected food chains in an ecosystem
a. food web
b. carnivores
c. food chain
d. producers
e. omnivores
f. biomass
g. ecological pyramid
h. herbivores
i. trophic level
j. scavengers
80) total mass of organic matter at each trophic level
81) relationship between producers and consumers at different trophic
levels.
82) What is the term used to describe …
a) water at the surface of a lake becomes water vapor
b) rain, snow and sleet
c) the process whereby water vapor becomes liquid water
d) the process whereby plant roots absorb liquid water
e) the process whereby plant leaves release water vapor into the surrounding air
f) water that flows over ground and into a body of water
g) water that soaks into the ground and enters groundwater
83) What percent of the Earth's water is salt water?
84) Is fresh water evenly distributed around the planet?
85) What are some ways we get water to regions that don't have enough?
86) What is a watershed?
87) How do groundwater and surface water differ?
88) What do you call an underground formation that contains usable amounts of water?
89) What do you call the surface where water percolates down into the groundwater?
90) What are the three main human uses of water?
91) Worldwide, rank the three main uses based on the amount of water used.
92) How can farmers conserve water?
93) How can industry conserve water?
Matching
_____ 94) ground-level ozone
a.
primary pollutant
_____ 95) scrubber
b.
secondary pollution
_____ 96) radon gas
c.
indoor air pollution
_____ 97) nitrogen oxides
d.
pollution control
_____ 98) decreased pH
e.
acid precipitation
_____ 99) possible long-term effect of air pollution
f.
temperature inversion
_____ 100)
necessary to control acid precipitation
g.
lung cancer
_____ 101)
atmospheric condition trapping pollution
h.
deafness
_____ 102)
possible short-term effect of air pollution
i.
international agreement
_____ 103)
possible long-term effect of air pollution
j.
nausea
Primary or secondary pollutant?
104.
ground-level ozone
__________________
105.
soot from smoke
__________________
106.
cigarette smoke
__________________
107.
CFCs
__________________
108.
nitrogen oxides
__________________
109.
acid rain
__________________
110)
List some possible causes of sick-building syndrome?
111)
Of what are catalytic converters, scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators examples?
112) Acid precipitation is formed when _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
113)
What happens to CFC once they are in the atmosphere?
Matching
114)
international agreement to limit CFC production
a. DNA damage
115)
potential result of high UV radiation at Earth's surface
b. Montreal Protocol
116)
stratospheric ozone
c. destroyed by CFCs
Use the word bank to complete the following sentences. Not all words in the bank will be used and some
may be used more than once. Some statements can use more than one of the words in the bank.
absorption of rainwater runoff
clear-cutting
cropland
forestland
infrastructure
irrigation and evaporation
land-use planning
moderation of temperature
overharvesting
overuse of land
parks and preserves
provision of aesthetic value
rangelend and pasture
reforestation
rural
selective cutting
source of lumber for homes
suburban
suburbanization
urban
wilderness
117. Land that contains relatively few people and large areas of open space is considered
___________________.
118.
Tree harvesting methods include ___________________.
119.
A fire station is and example of __________________.
120.
Environmental benefits of open spaces include ___________________.
121.
_________________ uses the largest amount of land in the United States.
122.
_________________ is protected land.
123.
One cause of desertification is _________________.
124.
One cause of salinization is ___________________.
Answer the following questions.
125.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, how many people must an urban area contain?
126.
What does it mean to say a piece of land is arable?
127.
What are some causes of soil erosion?
128.
What is weathering, as it pertains to rocks?
129)
The energy in fossil fuels is often converted into _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
electricity
magnetic fields
uranium
power plants
130)
Internal combustion engines release _____.
a) carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
b) nuclear waste into the atmosphere
c) iodized oil into the atmosphere
d) methane into the atmosphere
131)
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of using nuclear energy?
a) production of electricity
b) reduction in the use of fossil fuels
c) a safer environment for humans
d) release of less radioactivity into the atmosphere than burning coal
132)
Which of the following is NOT true?
a) Uranium-bearing rocks are in unlimited supply.
b) Building and maintaining a safe reactor is very expensive.
c) It is difficult to find a safe place to store nuclear waste.
d) The fission process can get out of control
133)
Where is the energy in fossil fuels ultimately from?
134)
What are the five major factors that influence the value of a particular fuel?
135)
What are some advantages of nuclear energy?
136)
What are some disadvantages of nuclear energy?
137)
What are some advantages of using fossil fuels for energy?
138)
What are some disadvantages of using fossil fuels for energy?
139)
Why are so few new nuclear power plants being built in the U.S.?
140)
The combustion of fossil fuels always involves the emission of what common gas?
Matching
_____ 141)
uses collectors on roof
a.
passive solar
_____ 142)
uses moving water
b.
active solar
_____ 143)
uses heat from Earth's interior
c.
hydroelectric
_____ 144)
uses large windows facing the sun
d.
geothermal
e.
photovoltaic cell
Multiple Choice
_____ 145) Renewable energy is energy from sources that _____.
a) are constantly being formed
b) will take years to deplete
c) humans can manufacture
d) were once living organisms
_____ 146) Flooding of habitats, disruption of ecosystems downstream, and reduced productivity of
farmland are disadvantages of _____.
a) geothermal energy
b) ocean thermal energy conversion
c) hydroelectric energy
d) tidal power
_____ 147) Which element might be the "fuel of the future?"
a) oxygen
b) carbon
c) nitrogen
d) hydrogen
148)
What is genetic drift?
Differentiate among the following, and provide examples:
149)
divergent evolution
150)
convergent evolution
151)
coevolution
Define and contrast the following terms:
152)
Endangered
153)
Threatened
154)
Rare
155)
Extirpated
156)
Extinct
157)
Extant
Miscellaneous
158)
What is sustainability?
159)
What is the scope of the study of environmental science?
160)
What is biodiversity?
161)
What is the ultimate source of almost all energy used by living things?
162)
What is a well?
163)
How do ground-level ozone and stratospheric ozone differ? Consider several aspects.
164)
Worldwide, what activity accounts for the greatest percentage of fresh water used?
165)
What is the largest watershed in the U.S.?
166)
What is urban sprawl?
167)
What is urbanization?
168)
What is composting?