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Outlook Physics HSC Trial Exam Paper Three Section I 75 marks Part A – 15 marks Attempt Questions 1 – 15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Use the multiple choice answer sheet. Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely. Sample: 2+4= (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9 A B C D If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new answer. -1- 1 The value of acceleration due to gravity on three planets, A, B, and C as well as the planets’ masses and radii are given in the table. Planet A B C Acceleration due to gravity (ms-2) 9.8 9.8 ?? Radius of planet (m) Mass of planet (kg) 6.370 x 106 3.190 x 106 1.274 x 107 6.0 x 1024 1.5 x 1024 1.20 x 1025 The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of planet C would be closest to: 2 3 (A) 2.5 m s-2 (B) 4.9 m s-2 (C) 9.8 m s-2 (D) 19.6 m s-2 Galileo’s analysis of projectile motion differed from that of previous ideas in that: (A) Galileo realised that projectiles travel in circular paths. (B) Galileo analysed the vertical acceleration and the horizontal acceleration of projectiles simultaneously. (C) the motion of the projectile was always relative to the person observing it. (D) Galileo realised that the vertical and horizontal motions of projectiles could be analysed separately. A space probe orbits a newly discovered planet at an altitude of 100km above its surface. The planet has the same mass as Earth, but the probe’s orbital period is 1.00 hour. The radius of this new planet is closest to: (A) 1.3 x 1020m (B) 5080 km (C) 4980 km (D) 4100 km -2- 4 A diagram of a galvanometer appears below: source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/galvan.html The working principle of such a meter is: 5 (A) the magnets are made stronger when more current flows. (B) the greater the current the faster the meter rotates. (C) the greater the voltage the more the meter moves. (D) the greater the current the more torque is produced against the spring. Of the following diagrams, which one shows the greatest magnetic flux through the loop? (A) (B) (C) (D) -3- 6 A new type of motor has no back EMF induced when it is running. This new motor is compared to a similar motor that does have normal back EMF. The new type of motor without back EMF would: 7 8 (A) have less torque than the normal motor. (B) likely burn out. (C) spin slower than a normal motor. (D) start up faster than a normal motor. One of the arguments used by Edison in the competition with Westinghouse to supply electricity to cities was: (A) Edison’s form of electricity was promoted as being safer than Westinghouse’s. (B) Edison’s electricity did not need power stations within the cities. (C) light globes would only work on Edison’s form of electricity. (D) Westinghouse’s system could not have the voltage changed easily. An advantage of AC induction motors is that: (A) they don’t need magnets to work. (B) their speed does not change under load. (C) they can work on either AC or DC. (D) they have less moving parts in contact with each other. -4- 9 An investigation was performed to compare the rate at which a magnet would fall through an aluminium tube and an identical aluminium tube with a slit cut out of it, as shown: N N S S aluminium tube aluminium tube with slit l d d When released simultaneously: (A) the two magnets would take the same time to fall. (B) the magnet on the left would stop in the tube. (C) the magnet on the right would fall through the tube first. (D) the magnet on the left would fall through the tube first. -5- 10 A length of wire is held vertically as shown. The ends of the wire are free to move and are connected to the terminals of a 12V DC power supply. When the power is switched on, which sketch best represents what will happen to the wire? hook wire ends of wire free to move connecting wires held loosely power supply (A) (B) (C) (D) -6- 11 A charged particle is fired horizontally with a velocity v into a region where there exists a horizontal magnetic field. The particle continues to move through the magnetic field undeflected. The effect due to gravity is ignored. An explanation for the charged particle being undeflected could be that the: particle’s charge is positive. (B) magnetic field is perpendicular to the particle’s velocity. (C) particle’s mass is zero. (D) particle’s velocity is parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 An investigation was performed to measure the force F on a charged object as the electric field E was varied. The results were plotted on a graph of F versus E which is shown below. Force F (x 10-3 N) 12 (A) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Electric field E (N C-1) The graph shows that: (A) the magnitude of the charge was 1.0 x 10-3 C. (B) the force was proportional to the electric field. (C) the particle was losing charge as the electric field was strengthened. (D) the particle was gaining charge as the electric field was strengthened. -7- e e e e e e e A e e e e e e e e A e e e e e A A A e e e e e e A e e e e A e e e e e A e e A e e A e e e A e e A e e e e A e e A e e e e A e e A e e e e e e e A e e A e e e e e e e e e e - e e e e A e - A e A - - e e e A X e e e - e e A e - e electric field e e e - e e A A e e - e - A small section of a doped semiconductor material is shown in the diagram. The small “e”s represent valence electrons while the “A”s represent the nucleus of atoms. + + + + + + + + + 13 An electric field is applied across the ends of the material, directed left to right. In which direction will the feature labelled “X” move? 14 (A) right (B) left (C) up (D) down The Braggs were able to determine the structure of crystals because: (A) for the first time their microscope could magnify sufficiently to see atoms. (B) they used reflected electrons to form an image of the atoms in the crystals. (C) they used the interaction of X-rays to infer the separation of atoms in the crystals. (D) they were the first to recognise metals as having a crystal lattice structure. -8- 15 An investigation was performed to determine the number of teaspoons of sugar that can dissolve in a beaker of water. Appropriate ways in which the reliability and the validity of the investigation could be improved and ensured respectively are: (A) (B) (C) (D) Ways to improve reliability give the exact volume of the amount of sugar used in each teaspoon state the temperature of the water used test over a range of volumes of water repeat the experiment -9- Ways to ensure validity use pure sugar use sugar cubes not loose sugar use distilled water stir each time a teaspoon of sugar is added Part B – 60 marks Attempt Questions 16-30 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part. Answer the questions in the spaces provided. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Marks 16 During the course in Physics, technology was used in assisting collection of data in a first-hand investigation or investigations. Identify the technology used in any one of these investigations and explain why it was suitable or effective in its role. 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... 17 a. Explain how, when an object has its gravitational potential energy increased, work must be done. 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... b. Calculate the work done when an object with a mass of 5.0 x 102 kg is moved from the surface of the Earth to an altitude of 300km. (The radius of the Earth is 6370km). ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... Question 17 continues on the next page - 10 - 2 Question 17 continued 17 Marks c. Explain why your answer to question 17 (b) is not equal to the actual work done on a satellite with the same mass when it is launched into Earth orbit. 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... 18 A projectile is launched at an angle of 300 to the horizontal over level ground. It reaches a maximum height of 50.0 m. 50 m 300 a. By considering its maximum height, find the vertical component of the projectile’s initial velocity. 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... b. Calculate the time of flight for this projectile ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... Question 18 continues on the next page - 11 - 2 Question 18, continued c. Explain how the range of this projectile could be found. (You do not need to find the range.) 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... 19 One consequence of Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity is the concept of the relativity of simultaneity. Explain how the relativity of simultaneity proposes that events which are observed to occur simultaneously in one frame of reference may not be observed to occur simultaneously in another, equally valid frame of reference, yet both observations are deemed to be “correct”. Use an example to illustrate your answer. ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... - 12 - 4 Marks 20 a. Describe a first-hand investigation you performed to demonstrate the motor effect, including any observations that were made. 3 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... b. Define the motor effect. 1 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... 21 Michael Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetic induction was made with a moving magnet near a conductor. Explain why the magnet must be moving in order to produce an electric current in Faraday’s discovery. 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... 22 AC generators have certain advantages and disadvantages when compared to DC generators. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of AC generators. ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... - 13 - 2 Marks 23 Discuss the impact of the development of transformers on society. 5 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... 24 Transformers need to be as efficient as possible, however they produce some heat. Explain the difference in the heat production between two otherwise identical transformers A and B which both use iron cores. The cores are shown in the diagrams below. solid block of iron A layers of iron separated by thin sheets of insulating material B ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... - 14 - 3 Marks 25 In an attempt to avoid global warming, the Earth is moved to an orbit around the Sun which is twice the original average radius. a. Describe quantitatively the effect on the length of one year on Earth that this change would cause. 3 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... b. Give one reason why this change to the length of a year would occur. 1 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... 26 By equating the force on a moving charged particle with centripetal force, calculate the radius of the curvature of the path of an electron when it enters a uniform magnetic field (B = 4.0 x 10-4 T) with a velocity of 6.0 x 106 m s-1 perpendicular to the magnetic field as shown below. The effects of gravity can be ignored. X X X X X X X B = 4.0 x 10-4 T X X X V = 6.0 x 106 m s-1 X X X X X X X X X X ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... - 15 - 3 Marks 27 Quantum theory eventually led to the solving of the puzzle of black body radiation. a. Outline the problem with black body radiation that classical physics could not explain. 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... b. Describe the hypothesis proposed by Planck which resolved the problem with black body radiation. 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... 28 An electron moving with a speed of 3.7 x 107 m s-1 is stopped, converting all of its kinetic energy into a single photon, which is emitted. a. What was the kinetic energy of the electron? 2 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... b. What is the frequency of the emitted photon? 3 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... Marks - 16 - 29 Describe how shortcomings in available communication technology led to an increased knowledge of the properties of materials, particularly semiconductors, leading to the invention of the transistor. 6 ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... Marks - 17 - 30 The graph shows the resistivity versus temperature for a Type I superconductor. resistivity (Ω m) 0 0 X temperature (K) With reference to the superconductor’s lattice structure and the behaviour of the conducting electrons moving through the material, explain the nature of the graph, particularly at the temperature labelled “X”. ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... ……………………………………………………………………………......... - 18 - 4 Section II 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 32-36 Allow about 45 minutes for this section Answer the question in a writing booklet. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Pages Question 31 Geophysics………………………………… 20 Question 32 Medical Physics…………………………… 21-22 Question 33 Astrophysics……………………………….. 23-24 Question 34 From Quanta to Quarks……………………. 25-26 Question 35 The Age of Silicon………………………… 27-28 - 19 - Marks Question 31 Geophysics (a) (i) (ii) (b) (25 marks) Identify the property of rocks that allows them to change shape without breaking or cracking. 1 Describe the meaning of the term “radiometric” when applied to a method used in geophysics. 2 In an investigation similar to one in which the mass of the Earth is calculated, a satellite was placed in orbit around the Moon. The satellite’s orbital radius of 2.50 x 106 m gave it a period of 1.12 x 104 s. Given the above information, calculate the mass of the Moon. (c) (i) Using a diagram to illustrate your answer, describe the differences in the paths of P waves and S waves as they travel through the Earth. 3 Discuss the uses of seismic methods in the search for oil and gas. 5 Identify one area of current research in the field of Geophysics and describe this research including its potential benefits to society. 4 (ii) (d) (e) During the study of Geophysics, an investigation was performed to model how the inclination of the Earth’s magnetic field varies with latitude. (i) Describe the dependent and independent variables that were relevant in performing this investigation. 2 Identify any one variable which needed to be kept constant during the investigation. 1 Describe the method used to calculate the rate of spreading of an ocean floor using a magnetic polarity time scale and a magnetic anomaly profile. 4 (ii) (f) 3 End of Question 31 - 20 - Question 32 Medical Physics (25 marks) (a) (b) (i) Identify the source of ultrasound that is transmitted from the transducer. 1 (ii) Describe the property of materials that makes ultrasound imaging possible. 2 Calculate the acoustic impedance of fat given: density of fat = 952 kg m -3 and the ultrasound velocity in fat = 1.45 x 103 m s-1. 1 Given the acoustic impedance of water = 1.43 x 106 kg m-2 s-1, calculate the ratio of the reflected intensity to the original intensity for ultrasound at an interface between water and fat. 2 (i) (ii) (c) (i) (e) Certain properties of some radioisotopes make them suitable for use in medical applications to obtain scans of organs. Describe these properties and, in general terms, compare them to the properties of other radioisotopes which are not suitable for obtaining scans of organs. 3 Describe how the positron emission tomography (PET) technique is used for the diagnosis of diseases including cancer. 5 Identify one area of current research in the field of medical physics and describe this research including its potential benefits to society. 4 (ii) (d) Marks (i) (ii) The procedure undertaken to produce a bone scan involves the use of potentially harmful materials. Outline the risks to the operator and to the patient in obtaining a bone scan. 2 If procedures such as bone scans have inherent dangers associated with them, explain why they are still used in medicine. 1 Question 32 continues on the next page - 21 - Question 32, continued (f) Marks Magnetic resonance image (MRI) scans are able to provide images of sensitive organs of the body, including the brain. The diagram below shows nuclei spinning (left) and nuclei aligned (right). (i) (ii) Explain how the nuclei come to be in the state shown on the right when MRI scans are being produced. 2 Describe what must be done to the nuclei shown on the right to make them precess as they spin. 2 End of question 32 - 22 - Marks Question 33 Astrophysics (25 marks) (a) (i) (ii) (b) Outline the reasons why many space observatories have been placed into Earth orbit. 2 Identify one way in which ground-based observatories can have their resolutions improved. 1 The position of a star is found by photographing it against background stars just before dawn on 1st June. On 1st December, the same star is photographed just after sunset. Its position was found to have changed by 0.08 arcseconds. By first finding the star’s parallax angle, calculate the distance to this star in parsecs. (c) (i) Different types of spectra are produced by stars, galaxies, emission nebulae and quasars. Identify the types of spectra produced by each of these objects. 3 Account for the production of absorption spectra and show why, for the same element, the characteristic wavelengths are the same as those found in emission spectra. 5 Identify one area of current research in the field of Astrophysics and describe this research including its potential benefits to society. 4 (ii) (d) (e) 3 (i) (ii) Identify two of the risks associated with performing a first-hand investigation to examine spectra produced in discharge tubes and reflected sunlight. 2 For one risk identified in question (e) (i), describe a precaution that was taken so as to minimise this risk. 1 Question 33 continues on the next page - 23 - Question 33 continued (f) Marks “We are the stuff of stars. If not for the stars that are now long gone, we would be mere puffs of gas.” Assess this quote by describing the synthesis of elements in stars. End of Question 33 - 24 - 4 Marks Question 34 From Quanta to Quarks (25 marks) (a) (i) Identify the instrument needed to observe the Balmer series of hydrogen when it is produced in a hydrogen discharge tube. 1 Outline the significance of the Balmer series to the development of Bohr’s model of the atom. 2 Show that the wavelength of a 57.0g tennis ball served with a speed of 50.0 m s-1 is not a significant factor in the game. 3 (ii) (b) (c) (i) By referring to one example, describe how transmutation can occur. A nuclear reaction should be used to show this. 3 Describe the concept of mass defect and outline its role in keeping nuclei from disintegrating. 5 Identify one area of current research in the field of nuclear physics and describe this research including its potential benefits to our understanding of matter. 4 (ii) (d) Natural radioactivity can cause the transmutation of some isotopes. Question 34 continues on the next page - 25 - Marks Question 34, continued (e) (i) (ii) (f) Outline two precautions that should be taken when handling sources of nuclear radiation. 2 Identify why it is acceptable to have certain sources of radioactivity in smoke detectors placed inside homes. 1 Discuss the role of quarks and leptons in the standard model of matter. End of question 34 - 26 - 4 Question 35 The Age of Silicon (25 marks) (a) Marks (i) Identify one desirable optical property of silica. 1 (ii) Outline the role of silica in optical fibres. 2 (b) Discuss the advantages of electronic circuits over electric circuits. 3 (c) Explain the role of the input transducers in a digital camera. 3 (d) Over the last 30 years, the density of transistors contained on a silicon chip has consistently increased exponentially. The graph shows how this has happened. 108 107 106 105 104 103 1970 (i) (ii) 1980 1990 2000 2010 Explain why the graph is not expected to continue in this manner for the next 30 years. 2 Outline the effect that this may have on computing power over the next 30 years. 2 Question 35 continues on the next page - 27 - Marks Question 35, continued (e) (f) Identify one area of current research in the field of electronics and describe this research including its potential benefits to society. 5 (i) 1 Write the logical expression for the following truth table: A INPUT 1 1 0 0 (ii) (g) B INPUT 1 0 1 0 C OUTPUT 1 0 0 0 Describe any precautions that need to be taken to ensure the safety of microprocessors when they are being handled or replaced. 2 Assess the changes that occurred to computers when the first solid state devices replaced thermionic devices in their circuits. 4 End of Paper - 28 - DATA SHEET Charge on electron, qe -1.602 x 10-19C Mass of electron, me 9.109 x 10-31kg Mass of neutron, mn 1.675 x 10-27kg Mass of proton, mp 1.673 x 10-27kg Speed of sound in air 340ms-1 Earth’s gravitational acceleration, g 9.8ms-2 Speed of light, c 3.00 x 108ms-1 Magnetic force constant, k 0 2 2.0 x 10-7NA-2 Universal gravitational constant, G 6.67 x 10-11Nm2kg-2 Mass of Earth 6.0 x 1024kg Planck constant, h 6.626 x 10-34Js Rydberg constant, R (hydrogen) 1.097 x 107m-1 Atomic mass unit, u 1.661 x 10-27kg 931.5 MeV/c2 1 eV 1.602 x 10-19J Density of water, 1.00 x 103kgm-3 Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 x 103Jkg-1K-1 - 29 - FORMULAE SHEET v = f Ep = - G m1m2 r 1 d2 F = mg v1 sin i v2 sin r vx2 = ux2 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v = u + at E= F q vy2 = uy2 + 2ayy R= V I x = uxt y = uyt + ½ ayt2 P = VI Energy = VIt r 3 GM T 2 4 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vav = r vu therefore aav = t t F Gm1m2 d2 F = ma E = mc2 mv 2 F r v2 lv lo 1 2 c Ek = ½ mv2 tv to 1 v2 c2 W = Fs mv p = mv Impulse = Ft - 30 - mo v2 1 2 c FORMULAE SHEET II F k 1 2 l d d F = BIlsin d M m 5log 10 1 p = Fd IA m m 100 B A / 5 IB = nBIAcos m1 m2 Vp 4 2 r 3 GT 2 np Vs ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 R 2 2 n f ni 1 F = qvBsin E V d h mv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E = hf c = f Ao Vout Vin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R Vout f Vin Ri Z = v I r Z 2 Z1 I o Z 2 Z1 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 31 - Periodic Table of the Elements 1 H 1.008 Element symbol Hydrogen 26 Fe 55.85 Atomic number 2 He 4.003 Atomic weight Iron Element name 3 Li 6.94 4 Be 9.012 Lithium 11 Na 22.99 Sodium Magnesium 19 K 39.10 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.96 22 Ti 47.87 23 V 50.94 Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium 37 Rb 85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.91 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium 55 Cs 132.9 56 Ba 137.3 57-71 72 Hf 178.5 73 Ta 180.9 74 W 183.8 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 Caesium Barium Lanthanoids Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium 87 Fr [223.0] 88 Ra [226.0] 89-103 104 Rf [261.1] 105 Db [262.1] 106 Sg [263.1] 107 Bh [264.1] Francium Radium Actinoids Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Helium 5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18 Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon 12 Mg 24.31 13 Al 26.98 14 Si 28.09 15 P 30.97 16 S 32.07 17 Cl 35.45 18 Ar 39.95 Key 24 Cr 52.00 25 Mn 54.94 Aluminium Silicon Phosphorous Sulfur Chlorine Argon 26 Fe 55.85 27 Co 58.93 28 Ni 58.69 29 Cu 63.55 30 Zn 65.39 31 Ga 69.72 32 Ge 72.61 33 As 74.92 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.90 36 Kr 83.8 Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton 44 Ru 101.1 45 Rh 102.9 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.9 48 Cd 112.4 49 In 114.8 50 Sn 118.7 51 Sb 121.8 52 Te 127.6 53 I 126.9 54 Xe 131.3 Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tn Antimony Tellerium Iodine Xenon 77 Ir 192.2 78 Pt 195.1 79 Au 197.0 80 Hg 200.6 81 Tl 204.4 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 209.0 84 Po [210.0] 85 At [210.0] 86 Rn [222.0] Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon 108 Hs [265.1] 109 Mt [268] 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Uub 113 Uut 114 Uuq 115 Uup 116 Uuh 117 Uus 118 Uuo Hassium Meitnerium Chromium Manganese 42 Mo 95.94 43 Te 98.91 Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium Lanthanoids 57 La 138.9 58 Ce 140.1 Lanthanam Cerium 59 Pr 140.9 60 Nd 144.2 61 Pm [146.9] Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium 62 Sm 150.4 Samarium 63 Eu 152.0 64 Gd 157.3 65 Tb 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 67 Ho 164.9 68 Er 167.3 69 Tm 168.9 70 Yb 173.0 71 Lu 175.0 Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 95 Am [241.1] 96 Cm [244.1] 97 Bk [249.1] 98 Cf [252.1] 99 Es [252.1] 100 Fm [257.1] 101 Md [258.1] 102 No [259.1] 103 Lr [262.1] Americium Curium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Actinoids 89 Ac [227.0] 90 Th 232.0 91 Pa 231.0 92 U 238.0 Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium 93 Np [237.0] 94 Pu [239.1] Neptunium Plutonium Bracketed atomic weights are those of the most common radioactive isotope. - 32 - Berkelium Californium Einsteinium