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Lesson 3 Buddhism and India’s Golden Age p. 232 – 239 MAIN IDEAS • A teacher called the Buddha developed a new religion that focused on helping people to escape suffering. • The Maurya rulers united northern India into the first great Indian empire. • About 500 years after Asoka’s death, a new ruler united northern India and began a golden age of culture. The Rise of Buddhism ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What are the main teachings of the religion of Buddhism? (Answer: the main teachings are the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, nirvana, ahimsa, and rejection of the caste system.) Jainism • Jainism also began in India; religion teaches ahimsa—“nonviolence” • Jains believe all living things have souls and should not be hurt The Buddha’s Life and Teachings • Buddhism began in India, based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama • Siddhartha was 5th-century B.C. Hindu prince, born in wealth, luxury • gave up wealth when he saw suffering; began a search for peace • Siddhartha starved self for six years, then meditated under fig tree • Found understanding, insight into reality called Four Noble Truths: • people suffer because minds are not at ease • unease, suffering come from wanting things or a different life • people can stop suffering by not wanting • people can stop wanting by following Eightfold Path • Eightfold Path means having correct opinions, desires, speech • also having right actions, job, effort, concentration, meditation • Eightfold Path can lead to nirvana—the end of suffering • nirvana breaks cycle of reincarnation, which Buddhists believe in • As a teacher, Siddhartha was called the Buddha, or “enlightened one” • believed in ahimsa, but not Hindu gods, goddesses, caste system Buddhism Changes • After Buddhaʼs death, followers collected teachings, called the dharma • dharma means true nature of things, often symbolized by wheel • Monks, nuns in religious communities made Buddhism a formal religion • Some Buddhists became wandering holy men, tried to live like Buddha • Buddhism later split into branches—most worshiped Buddha as a god • different branches stressed different approaches to enlightenment REVIEW QUESTION: How could a Buddhist achieve an end to suffering? (Answer: by following the Eightfold Path and reaching Nirvana) 1 The Maurya Empire ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did the Maurya rulers unite northern India into the first great Indian empire? (Answer: they conquered much territory in northern India) A United India • Separate Aryan kingdoms battled each other for centuries • Around 550 B.C., northeastern Magadha kingdom gained strength • Chandragupta Maurya became king of Magadha around 321 B.C. • conquered land, spread Maurya Empire over much of subcontinent • kept control with spies, army; taxed land, crops to pay officials • legend says he became nonviolent Jainist monk at end of life Asoka, the Buddhist King • Asoka—Chandraguptaʼs grandson, greatest Maurya king • began rule in 269 B.C., fought bloody war to take nearby kingdom • later gave up warfare, ruled peacefully by Buddhist teachings, law • Carved policies of nonviolence, truth, kindness on rocks, pillars • Sent missionaries to spread Buddhism, but allowed other religions • Improved travel by building wells, hospitals, rest houses by roads Changes to Hinduism • Priests conducted early Hinduismʼs complex sacrifices in Sanskrit • few people spoke Sanskrit; felt distant from gods; turned to Buddhism • Hindu thought changed in A.D. 600s; hymns written in common languages • poems of joy, love became popular and renewed love for Hindu gods • Buddhism declined in India as Hinduism underwent revival • however, Buddhism had already spread to other Asian countries REVIEW QUESTION: What were some of Asoka’s accomplishments? ( Answer: set an example of compassionate and tolerant behavior, tried to govern fairly, sent missionaries to spread Buddhism, improved roads, founded hospitals) 2 The Golden Age of the Guptas Who were the Guptas, and when did they rule India? (Answer: The Guptas were a family that became the second group of rulers to unify India. They began to rule in 320 AD) ESSENTIAL QUESTION: The Gupta Empire • After Asoka, collapse of Maurya Empire led to 500 years of conflict • Magadha’s Gupta family took over—Chandra Gupta I began rule A.D. 320 • Gupta I gained lands through marriage; son conquered lands for empire • India had golden age during reign of Chandra Gupta II, A.D. 375-415 Art and Literature • Arts (architecture, murals, statues) thrived under Chandra Gupta II • Kalidasa’s famed Sanskrit plays, poems include Sakuntala love story Mathematics, Science, and Metallurgy • Indians invented our numeral and decimal systems, symbol for zero • A mathematician figured length of year, value of pi • Doctors expanded Ayurvedic medicine, world’s oldest medical system • Artisans developed advanced metallurgy (metal working) • included 23-foot iron pillar over Delhi in A.D. 400 • no others made a piece of iron as large until 1,000 years later Trade Spreads Indian Culture • Gupta India profited from foreign trade by selling cotton, ivory • bought items such as silk from China; resold to traders going west • Traders and missionaries spread Indian culture, beliefs • Hinduism spread to parts of Southeast Asia • Buddhism spread to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, China, Southeast Asia REVIEW QUESTION: Why was the period of Gupta rule a golden age for India? (Answer: because there were many advances in art, mathematics, science and technology) Lesson Summary • A new religion called Buddhism taught people to escape suffering by following a path of right living. • Influenced by Buddhism, King Asoka tried to rule with peace, law, and good works. • Under Gupta rule, India had a golden age. The arts, science, metallurgy, and trade prospered. Why It Matters Now . . . The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism shaped Asian cultures. Many Asian people still practice those religions today. 3