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Bibliography Bonabeau E., M. Dorigo & T. Theraulaz (1999). From Natural to Artificial Swarm Intelligence. New York: Oxford University Press. Colorni A., M. Dorigo & V. Maniezzo (1992). “Distributed Optimization by Ant Colonies.” Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life, Paris, France, F.Varela and P.Bourgine (Eds.), Elsevier Publishing, 134-142. Colorni A., M. Dorigo & V. Maniezzo (1992). “An Investigation of Some Properties of an Ant Algorithm.” Proceedings of the Parallel Problem Solving from Nature Conference (PPSN 92), Brussels, Belgium, R.Männer and B.Manderick (Eds.), Elsevier Publishing, 509-520. Colorni A., M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo and M. Trubian (1994). “Ant system for Job-shop Scheduling.” JORBEL - Belgian Journal of Operations Research, Statistics and Computer Science, 34(1):39-53. Dorigo M., V. Maniezzo & A. Colorni (1991). “Positive Feedback as a Search Strategy.” Technical Report No. 91-016, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. Dorigo M., V. Maniezzo & A. Colorni (1991). “The Ant System: An Autocatalytic Optimizing Process.” Technical Report No. 91-016 Revised, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. Dorigo M., V. Maniezzo & A. Colorni (1996). “The Ant System: Optimization by a Colony of Cooperating Agents.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part B, 26(1):29-41. Dorigo M. & L.M. Gambardella (1996). “A Study of Some Properties of Ant-Q.” Proceedings of PPSN IV-Fourth International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving From Nature, September 22-27, 1996, Berlin, Germany, Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 656Ð665. Dorigo M. & L.M. Gambardella (1997). “Ant Colonies for the Traveling Salesman Problem.” BioSystems, 43:73-81. The paper “Ant Colonies for the Traveling Salesman”, describes an artificial ant colony capable of solving the traveling salesperson problem. Ants are the agents which move from city to city, on a TSP graph. The ant chooses the city to move to using a probabilistic function both of trails accumulated on edges and of a heuristic value, which is a function of the edges length. The paper also describes how the artificial ant’s discrete pheromones on the edges used. The paper also shows some results run in a simulation program. The results are presented in Tables, graphs and the documentation contains the different parameters the simulations were run on (e.g. number of ants, edge length, etc.). Dorigo M., G. Di Caro & L. M. Gambardella (1999). “Ant Algorithms for Discrete Optimization.” Artificial Life, 5(2):137-172. The paper “Ant Algorithms for Discrete Optimization” looks at some recent work on ant algorithms for discrete algorithms. The first part of the paper describes the basic biological findings on real ants. Then it describes the concept of ant colony optimization (ACO) meta-heuristics in how a colony of artificial ants cooperates in finding good solutions to discrete optimization problems. Some ideas of ACO that this paper looks at are (1) Colony of cooperating individuals. (2) Pheromone trail and stigmergy, (3) Shortest path searching and local moves and (4) Stochastic and myopic state transition policy. The second part of the paper a number of applications to combinatorial optimization and routing in communications networks are described. The following problems are briefly discussed: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Quadratic assignment problem Job-shop scheduling problem Vehicle routing problem Shortest common super sequence problem Graph coloring problem Sequential ordering problem Connection-oriented networks routing connectionless networks routing The conclusion is a discussion of related work and some different aspects of the ACO meta-heuristics. Dorigo, M., G. Di Caro & T Stützle (2000). “Ant Colony Organization.” Future Generation Computer Systems Journal. Forsyth P. and A. Wren (1997). “An Ant System for Bus Driver Scheduling.” Presented at the 7th International Workshop on Computer-Aided Scheduling of Public Transport, Boston, August 1997. Gambardella L.M. & M. Dorigo (1995). “Ant-Q: A Reinforcement Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem.” Proceedings of ML-95, Twelfth International Conference on Machine Learning, Tahoe City, CA, A. Prieditis and S. Russell (Eds.), Morgan Kaufmann, 252-260. Maniezzo V., A. Colorni and M. Dorigo (1994). “The Ant System Applied to the Quadratic Assignment Problem.” Tech. Rep. IRIDIA/94-28, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. Stützle T. and H. Hoos (1997). “The MAX-MIN Ant System and Local Search for the Traveling Salesman Problem.” Proceedings of ICEC'97 - 1997 IEEE 4th International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Press, 308-313. Stützle T. and H. Hoos (1997). “Improvements on the Ant System: Introducing the MAX-MIN Ant System.” ICANNGA97 - Third International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, Wien: Springer Verlag. Stützle T. and M. Dorigo (1999). “ACO Algorithms for the Traveling Salesman Problem.” In K. Miettinen, M. Makela, P. Neittaanmaki, J. Periaux, editors, Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science, Wiley, 1999. Stützle T. and M. Dorigo (1999). “ACO Algorithms for the Quadratic Assignment Problem.” In D. Corne, M. Dorigo and F. Glover, editors, New Ideas in Optimization, McGraw-Hill.