Download BIOL241 Exam 3 Objectives Bones (Chapters 6

BIOL241
Exam 3 Objectives
Bones (Chapters 6-7), and a few important ‘odds and ends’ from Chapter 1
Ch 1
1. Define anatomical position. Understand and be comfortable using anatomical directions: anterior (ventral)
and posterior (dorsal), superior and inferior, medial and lateral, & proximal and distal.
2. Describe anatomical planes/sections: transverse plane, transverse section (cross section), frontal plane
(coronal plane), sagittal plane
Ch 6
3. Describe the main functions of bone and how bones perform each function
4. Classify bones according to their shapes, and give an example of each.
5. Identify and describe the characteristics of osteoblasts, osetocytes, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells,
collagen, and hydroxyapatites.
6. Describe the microscopic structure of bone including the organic and inorganic materials as well as the
anatomical structures such as the osteon, lamellae (three types), lacunae, central canal, perforating canal,
Sharpey’s fibers, canaliculi. Be able to identify each structure on a diagram or model.
7. Describe the structure of a long bone including compact and spongy bone, the epiphysis, metaphysis,
diaphysis, shaft, marrow (medullary) cavity, endosteum, periosteum, and articular cartilage. Know the
difference in function between spongy and compact bone. Be able to identify each of the above terms on a
diagram, bone, or model.
8. Describe how long bone grows in length and in width and how bone is rejuvenated in the adult including the
role of the chondroblast, osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast in intramembraneous and endochondral
ossification. Know what the epiphyseal line is and where you might see it. What hormones affect bone
growth?
9. Describe the role of hormones in calcium regulation and how bone, kidney and the intestines are involved
10. Describe the process of bone fracture repair
11. Describe the effects of aging on bones and bone tissue. Define osteoporosis and understand some current
treatments for osteoporosis.
12. Identify the bones and parts of bones listed on the “List of Bones and Bone Parts”
for both the axial and appendicular skeleton. Be able to identify them on a model, diagram, or isolated bones
and know their location, structure, and general function. Be able to identify right and left bones where
appropriate (e.g. right femur vs. left).
List of Bones and Bone Parts – Axial Skeleton (Ch 7)
1. Skull
cranial bones- frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal, temporal
facial bones- mandible, vomer, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, palatine, inferior nasal concha
sutures- coronal, sagittal, squamos, lambdoid
paranasal sinuses- know the function of a sinus and which bones have them
processes- styloid process (part of temporal bone), zygomatic process (part of temporal bone), mastoid process
(part of temporal bone), palatine process (part of the maxilla, abuts the palatine bone), coronoid process (part of
the mandible), condylar process (part of mandible)
foramina (holes)- foramen magnum, supraorbital foramen (notch), infraorbital foramen, mental foramen, optic
canals, foramen ovale, carotid canal, jugular foramen
fontanelles– (look at them, and know what a fontanelle is, but don’t memorize their names)
other structures- occipital condyles, zygomatic arch, orbit (the bony eye socket), sella turcica, crista galli,
cribiform plates, external acoustic meatus, hard palate (the palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bones,
together)
ear ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes (see Fig. 15.25 in text, and model in lab)
2. Vertebral column
types of vertebrae - cervical, atlas (C1), axis (C2), thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
parts of a vertebra - body, spinous process, transverse process, transverse foramen, articular processes (there are
inferior and superior), vertebral foramen, costal facets, dens, intervertebral disc
3. Thorax
ribs - true, false, floating
parts of a rib – head, neck, tubercle
parts of the sternum - manubrium, body, xiphoid process, clavicular notch, jugular notch
4. Hyoid bone
List of Bones and Bone Parts – Appendicular Skeleton
1. Shoulder girdle
parts of the scapula - spine, acromion, glenoid cavity/fossa, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular
fossa, coracoid process
parts of the clavicle - sternal end, acromial end
2. Upper appendages
parts of the humerus - head, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, lateral epicondyle, medial
epicondyle, trochlea, capitulum, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, deltoid tuberosity
parts of the ulna - olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear (semilunar) notch, radial notch, styloid process,
head
parts of the radius - head, neck, radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch
carpals - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (G rated MnemonicSandy Left The Party To Take Carol Home ; R rated-Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle)
parts of the metacarpals - base, head (numbered Roman numerals I-V)
types and parts of the phalanges – numbered 1-5, proximal, middle, distal, pollex
3. Pelvic (Hip) girdle
parts of the os coxae (hip bone) - ilium, ischium, pubis, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior
iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, lesser
sciatic notch, acetabulum, obturator foramen, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joint
4. Lower appendages
parts of the femur - head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle,
lateral condyle, medial condyle, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface
parts of the patella - base, apex, articular facets
parts of the tibia - lateral condyle, medial condyle, tibial tuberosity, intercondylar eminence, medial malleolus
parts of the fibula - head, neck, lateral malleolus
types of tarsals - calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, (lateral, intermediate and medial) cuneiform
metatarsals – numbered I-V
types and parts of the phalanges - proximal, middle, distal, hallux,