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The Tree of Life
Chapter 17
The Linnaean System of Classification
 Living things must be described
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 Identification and naming requires organization
 Classification systems provide this organization
 Taxonomy –
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The Linnaean System of Classification
Each group of organisms is called a _______________________________
Basic level is the ____________________________
– Any group of animals that can interbreed
In the Linnean System, each species got a name
– Still in use today
The Linnaean System of Classification
 Carolus Linnaeus – Father of taxonom y
 Developed two word naming system – ____________________________
 Always written in italics or underlined
– Musca domestica or Musca domestica
 First word is the ____________________, second is the ________________________
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The Linnaean System of Classification
Common names vary too much
First attempts described physical characteristics
W hat are the flaws of this method?
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The Linnaean System of Classification
 Linnaeus’s system consisted of 7 levels
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The Linnaean System of Classification
Levels up always group more organisms together
______________________ are grouped into _________________________________
___________________________ are composed of similar _______________________
Classes make up phylums
The Linnaean System of Classification
Linneaus created his s ystem based on _________________________________
– Flaws?
Today scientists genetic information to be sure of similiarities
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Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Anything above species has been “invented”
How would Linnaeus classify these:
– Dolphin
– Hermit crab
– Sparrow
– Co w
– Snake
– Monkey
– Bull Shark
Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Phylogeny –
Used now instead of physical similarities
Evolutionary classification
________________________________ are more related than species from another genus
Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
All members of genus share a common ancestor
This can be traced through a phylogenic tree
The higher the level, the farther back the ancestor
The more recent the common ancestor, the more related
Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Cladogram –
– Clade – group of species that share a common ancestor
– Derived Characters –
– Result of evolution
 Demands force new innovations
Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Cladogram Interpretation
– Derived characters
– Nodes –
– Identifying clades – snip rule
– What is the derived character of:
 Amphibians
 Crocodiles and birds
Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
A lot of classification methods are based on _______________________________
USUALLY, this works…why?
DNA/RNA/Proteins are similar in related species
These substances are used to make comparisons
Classification Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Molecular Clocks
Evolutionary time can also be measured with DNA
Molecular Clock –
– Scientists have found mutations tend to occur at constant rates for a species
– Relies on mutations to repeat
The more time has passed between two species diverging from a common ancestor,
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Not just one clock running at a time
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Molecular Clocks
Molecular Clocks and Real Time
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 Amino acid differences along with geological splits determines the evolutionary time
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Molecular Clocks
Different genetic molecules mutate at different rates
– Some sequences of DNA mutate rapidly, while others are relatively slow
Domains and Kingdoms
Linnaeus started with two kingdoms:
– Plantae
– Animalia
Scientists realized they needed more
This lead to five kingdoms
Domains and Kingdoms
Domains – larger and includes the kingdoms
Three domains
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As more discoveries are made, more kingdoms may be made
Domains and Kingdoms
Domain Bacteria
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Domain Archaea
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Domains and Kingdoms
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 Volcanic hot springs
 Brine pools
 Black mud devoid of oxygen
– Lack peptidoglycan
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Domains and Kingdoms
Domain Eukarya
– All organisms have a nucleus
– Consists of four kingdoms
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 Anamalia
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Domains and Kingdoms
Kingdom Protista
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– Cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
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– Some are multi-celled algae
– Some are _________________________________________
Domains and Kingdoms
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Kingdom Fungi
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Kingdom Plantae
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Kingdom Anamalia
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– Feed on dead or decaying organic matter
– Most recognizable is the _____________________________
– Most are multicellular, others (Yeast) are unicellular
Domains and Kingdoms
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– Non-mobile
Domains and Kingdoms
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– Mobile
– Incredible diversity