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HONORS BIOLOGY -- FINAL REVIEW 2015
CHAPTER 1 – Core Concepts in Biology
Terms to know: Hypothesis, Theory, Independent and Dependent Variables, Control, Metabolism,
Homeostasis, Cell Respiration, Nutrition, Transport, Regulation, Synthesis, Excretion
1. What is the organization in the biosphere? What cycles and what goes one-way?
2. Identify traits of living things and the life processes.
3. How does natural selection explain evolution?
4. Analyze experimental design. Recognize independent and dependent variables.
5. Know how to use a compound microscope, uses for the different types of microscopes?
CHAPTERS 2 & 3– The Chemistry of Life
Terms to know: Organic and inorganic compounds, carbon atom, covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond,
peptide bond, Chemical equations, products, reactants, Isotopes, Isomers, Ion, Monomer, Polymer,
Hydrolysis, Dehydration Synthesis, Mixture, Solvent, Solute, Solution, Cohesion, Adhesion
6. Why does the carbon atom enable complex molecules?
7. For each of the macromolecules, know the following:
a) the elements that make up each type ( (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids),
b) the function of each macromolecule
c) the basic structure (the “parts” or monomers that make up each of the
polymers or macromolecules
d) how they link together and break apart
e) examples of each type (sugars, some complex carbs, fats, proteins)
8. Water: What is the polar nature of water, hydrogen bonding, some
properties of water, which properties result from cohesion and which from
adhesion?
9. Enzymes: What is an enzyme? Why are they important in living things? How do they work? How do
environmental factors affect the rate of enzyme action?
CHAPTERS 4 & 5 – Cell Structure and Function
Terms to know: Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, nucleoid, diffusion,
osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic
10. What is the cell theory? Why are all cells small?
11. How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic?
12. What are the levels of organization in cells of
multicellular organisms?
13. Know the major parts of the cell (nucleus, cytoplasm,
mitochondria, chloroplast, ribosome, lysosome, ER,
Golgi), their functions, and what type of cell they are
found in (animal, plant, prokaryotic)? Recognize them
on a diagram. What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
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14. What makes up the cell membrane? Describe the fluid mosaic model (phospholipid bilayer). What
does it mean to be selectively permeable?
15. Be able to explain how materials move across the cell membrane. What is the difference between
diffusion and facilitated diffusion, between active and passive transport? When are membrane
proteins and ATP involved? What is osmosis?
16. What is a concentration gradient? What makes a solution hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and what
happens to cells in these solutions? What is plasmolysis? Endo and exocytosis?
CHAPTER 7 – Photosynthesis
Terms to know: photon, heterotroph, autotroph, pigments, thylakoids, stroma, grana, carbon-fixing
17. Know the function and structure of ATP. How does ATP
provide energy to a cell?
18. What is the difference between a photoautotroph and a
chemoautotroph? What is a heterotroph?
19. Name the major plant pigments and the colors they appear to
us. What is their function?
20. Know the chemical equation for photosynthesis. Know the two
stages and the basics of what happens in each. How is a
chloroplast structured and where do the two stages take place?
CHAPTER 6 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Terms to know: aerobic, anaerobic, oxidation, reduction, phosphorylation, electron carriers (NAD, FAD)
,glycolysis, Krebs citric acid cycle, matrix, fermentation, electron transport chain
21. Know the differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration
22. Know the balanced equation for aerobic, reactants and products of each stage, energy yield. Where in
the cell, and in the mitochondrion, does each stage take place?
23. Know the basics of lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. Know the organisms that perform these two
different types of fermentation. What happens when muscles do fermentation?
24. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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CHAPTER 8 – Cell Division
Terms to know: asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, chromosomes, chromatin, interphase, mitosis,
cytokinesis, chromatid, centromere, centrioles, cell plate, binary fission, regeneration, stem cell, differentiation,
homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid, crossing-over, tetrad, gametes, zygote, somatic cell, fertilization
25. Know the stages of the Cell Cycle, including parts of Interphase.
Describe what is occurring in each phase of the cell cycle.
26. Know some cells/tissues that do cell division frequently, some
that do it rarely or not at all.
27. Know the general processes of mitosis and meiosis. Be able to
recognize stages on a diagram.
28. How do mitosis and meiosis differ? How do sperm and egg
differ?
29. How does sexual reproduction cause genetic variation in a
population?
30. What are some cell cycle controls? (size, space, chemical
signals, cell suicide) How do cancer cells differ from other cells?
CHAPTER 9 – Genetics and Human Heredity
Terms to know: genetics, genes, contrasting traits, pure, hybrid, genes, alleles, test cross, segregation,
independent assortment, probability, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, Punnett square, sex
chromosomes, sex-linked, autosomes, pedigree, gene linkage, karyotype, nondisjunction
31. Know the patterns of inheritance: dominant/recessive , incomplete
dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, sex-linkage, and polygenic traits
32. Be able to do any type of cross. Find phenotype and genotype ratios.
33. What is a karyotype and how are they used? Be able to recognize an
abnormality such as trisomy.
34. Be able to look at a pedigree and determine the pattern of inheritance,
genotypes and phenotypes of the family members.
35. Understand x-linked inheritance.
Why is it more likely for a male to have an x-linked disorder?
36. Know the different human blood types. What are the possible
genotypes for each blood type?
37. Know thesw disorders: Down’s Syndrome, Hemophilia,
Colorblindness, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia,
Huntingtons.
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CHAPTER 10 and 11 – DNA and RNA
Terms to know: nucleotide, base pairing, replication, deoxyribose, ribose,
transcription, translation, codon
38. Describe the structure of DNA. Know the base pairs in a DNA strand.
39. What are the differences between RNA and DNA?
40. Why, when and how does DNA replicate?
41. How does mRNA form? How does it carry a DNA message?
42. How is the DNA code used to make proteins?
UNIT III – Evolution
Terms to Know: adaptation, homologous and analogous structures, adaptive radiation, convergent evolution,
coevolution, genetic equilibrium
43. Know the major points of Darwin’s theory of natural selection
44. What kinds of evidence are used to show ancestry?
45. What is Descent with Modification? How is this shown in an
evolutionary tree or cladogram?
46. What causes genetic variation between individuals in a population?
47. How do new species arise?
What role does environment play?
48. How are genes involved in evolution?
49. What do we think early earth was like and how might life have started?
UNIT VI – Ecology
Terms to Know: population, community, biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, niche, limiting factors, carrying
capacity, symbiosis, food chain, food web, materials cycles, trophic levels, ecological succession
50. What are the levels of organization in the biosphere? Which levels include both biotic and abiotic?
51. How can different species occupy the same habitat?
52. What is an energy pyramid and why must producers be the most
abundant?
53. How does energy move through a food chain? How do materials
(oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, water) cycle through an ecosystem?
54. Recognize examples of the different ecological role:
producer/consumer, predator/prey, types of symbiosis
55. What factors increase competition in a population? What are some
limiting factors?
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