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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM THE BLOOD Commonly described as a connective tissue, approx 8% of body weight is blood, the flow of blood around the body is such that a fairly stable environment is maintained. Composition of Blood; 55% PLASMA 45% CELLULAR CONTENT PLASMA contains; Water Plasma proteins Mineral salts Nutrients Organic wastes Hormones Enzymes Gases Antibodies & Antitoxins CELLULAR CONTENT Red cells White cells Platelets The primary function of Red Blood Cells is to carry oxygen around the body using Haemoglobin. The primary function of White Blood Cells is in fighting infection. And the Platelets are used in the Blood Clotting mechanism. FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD Transports oxygen from the lungs to other body cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs. Transports nutrients from digestive system to cells Transports wastes, urea to appropriate organ foe excretion Transports Hormones and Enzymes to target tissues Aids in the defence of the body by utilizing the white blood cells Prevents the loss of body fluids by the mechanism of blood clotting Helps to maintain Body Temperature... CLOTTING MECHANISM Refer to Class Handout BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES, VEINS & CAPILLARIES The wall of the artery is thicker than the vein: thicker connective tissue layer, thicker mixed layer of muscle and elastic tissue. The lumen of the artery is much narrower. Arteries do not have valves along their length, veins do. Valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood so the flow is in one correct direction towards the heart. Blood flows away from the heart in arteries; blood flows towards the heart in veins. The real work of the blood, exchange with tissue cells is carried out at the capillaries, Capillaries are the microscopic links between arteries and veins. The capillary wall is one cell thick and somewhat porous — ideal to allow materials to pass in and out. CIRCULATION OF BLOOD Pulmonary Circuit: deoxygenated blood flows from the heart to the lungs, oxygen is taken on and carbon dioxide is excreted, oxygenated blood flows from the lungs back to the heart. Systemic Circuit: oxygenated blood flows from the heart to the organ systems of the body, oxygen is delivered and carbon dioxide is taken on, deoxygenated blood flow from the organs systems back to the heart. THE HEART The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs protected by the rib cage. The heart is a double pump. The right side collects deoxygenated blood from all parts. The right side pumps deoxygenated to the lungs for oxygenation and excretion of CO2. The left side collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to all parts. The right and left side fill and empty in unison. Each side pumps the same volume of blood. The wall of the left ventricle is about three times thicker than that of the right ventricle. The left ventricle needs more cardiac muscle to give the blood a much stronger push, because oxygenated blood has to be driven a far greater distance. CARDIAC CYCLE DIASTOLE ATRIAL SYSTOLE VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE BLOOD PRESSURE This is a measure of the force of the blood against the blood vessel walls. Reference BP is measured in a large artery in the upper arm. The pressure needed to stop flow in this artery is measured at systole and diastole, normal 120/80 mm Hg FACTORS AFFECTING HEART RATE INCREASE; exercise, increased body temp, stress, infection and red light DECREASE; increased physical fitness, sleep low salt levels and blue light.