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40 Points Evidence for Evolution Name Part I: The picture below shows the forelimbs of mammals and how the bone structures are similar. The forelimbs provide locomotion, or movement, for all these mammals. All of the forelimbs are homologous structures, showing that they have similar structure and function. This provides evidence for evolution by showing how mammals have evolved similar anatomical structures. Follow the instructions for coloring and then answer the questions on the next page. Coloring Instruction: Scapula (A)- Red Humerus (B)- Orange Radius (C)- Yellow Ulna (D)- Green Carpals (E)- Blue Metacarpals(F)- Purple Phalanges (G)- Brown Forelimb ()- Grey +10 pts. F E D C G A A G F B B C E * D F * G A * A * A B B B D C C E C D G F D G E E G G F A G A B D C B E C * F D G E 1 G F Part I Questions: 1. What is the common function of all these forelimbs? 2-4. Describe at least 3 similarities in the structure of mammalian forelimbs. 1) 2) 3) 5. How do these similarities support the Theory of Evolution? Part II: The picture shows embryonic development of several. Use it to answer the questions below. Eye Auditory Vesicle Gill Slits Tail Notochord (becomes spinal cord /vertebrae) Part II Questions: 6. At which stage is it the most difficult to tell the embryos apart? (I, II, or III?) 7-9. Describe at least 3 similarities in the structure of these embryos 1) 2) 10. How do these similarities support the Theory of Evolution? 2 3) Part IV: Examining the relationships between biological molecules, such as proteins or DNA can tell scientists how closely related organisms are. The more similar these molecules are, the more recently the organisms had a common ancestor. Follow the directions for each table. 11. There are 146 amino acids in the protein hemoglobin. This table shows a portion of the amino acid sequence for hemoglobin for 6 different mammals. Circle or highlight the amino acids in the chimp, gorilla, monkey, horse, and kangaroo sequences that differ from those in the human sequence. Amino Acid # Human Chimp Gorilla Rhesus Monkey Horse Kangaroo Amino Acid # Human Chimp Gorilla Rhesus Monkey Horse Kangaroo 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 thr thr thr leu leu leu ser ser ser glu glu glu leu leu leu his his his cys cys cys asp asp asp lys lys lys leu leu leu his his his val val val asp asp asp pro pro pro glu glu glu gln leu ser glu leu his cys asp lys leu his val asp pro glu ala lys leu leu ser ser glu glu leu leu his his cys cys asp asp lys lys leu leu his his val val asp asp pro pro glu glu 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 asn asn asn asn asn asn phe phe phe phe phe phe arg arg lys lys arg lys leu leu leu leu leu leu leu leu leu leu leu leu gly gly gly gly gly gly asn asn asn asn asn asn val val val val val ile leu leu leu leu leu ile val val val val ala val cys cys cys cys leu ile val val val val val cys leu leu leu leu val leu ala ala ala ala ala ala his his his his arg glu 13-23.The table shows the number of amino acids in cytochrome c that differ between several organisms and humans. Cytochrome c is a protein found in mitochondria. It is often studied because most organisms have mitochondria and therefore they have cytochrome c. Rewrite the information in the blank table by listing the organisms IN ORDER with the greatest number of differences at the top and the least at the bottom. Species Comparison Human—chimp Human—fruit fly Human—horse Human—pigeon Human—rattlesnake Human—red bread mold Human—rhesus monkey Human—screwworm fly Human—snapping turtle Human—tuna Human—wheat Species Comparison # of differences 0 29 12 12 14 48 1 27 15 21 43 # of differences Part IV Questions: Use all of the above tables to answer the questions below. 24-25.On the basis of hemoglobin similarity, which organism appears to be most closely related to humans? least related? Most = Least= 25-26.On the basis of cytochrome c similarity, which organism appears to be most closely related to humans? least related? Most = Least= 27. If the amino acids sequences in the proteins of two organisms are similar, why will their DNA also be similar? 28. Many biologists believe that the number of differences between the proteins of different species indicates how long ago the species diverged from a common ancestor. Why do these same biologists believe that humans, chimps, and gorillas diverged from a common ancestor only a few million years ago? 3 Name That Descendant Background: You are about to see a series of ancient creatures that have been sketched based off fossil evidence. All of these creatures have a “modern descendant” (this means they are related to something alive today and it is a very popular animal). It is your job to analyze the evidence and figure out the modern descendant. Again, all the pictured creatures are related to each other and to the modern ancestor. You will be “discovering” these creatures one at a time, just like paleontologists have AND they will be in chronological order (meaning the order in which they lived). These creatures are all at least 50 million years old. Pay attention to how your ideas change with each new discovery and BE SPECIFIC in your observations and inferences. Each card will include the following information: 1 Picture of creature based on fossils and other scientific evidence This is the order number for when you should see the card (1st, 2nd, etc. DON’T GO OUT OF ORDER!!! Procedure: Cut out the card on pg. 7. Cut the sheet across the dotted line first. Do not analyze the cards yet. Put them in order and turn them face down on your desk. You will turn over the cards ONE AT A TIME in order. DO NOT LOOK AT ANY OF THE OTHER CARDS UNTIL TOLD TO DO SO IN THE INSTRUCTIONS!!! Remove card #1 and examine it. Paste it to the right: 29-30. Answer the following questions: a. What is the modern descendant? b. Explain your answer for “a”? (2-3 complete sentences) 4 Remove card #2 and examine it. Paste it to the right: 31-32. Answer the following questions: a. What is the modern descendant? b. Explain your answer for “a”? (2-3 complete sentences) Remove card #3 and examine it. Paste it to the right: 33-34. Answer the following questions: a. What is the modern descendant? b. Explain your answer for “a”? (2-3 complete sentences) 5 Remove card #4 and examine it. Paste it to the right: 35-36. Answer the following questions: a. What is the modern descendant? b. Explain your answer for “a”? (2-3 complete sentences) Remove card #5 and examine it. Paste it to the right: 37-38. Answer the following questions: a. What is the modern descendant? b. Explain your answer for “a”? (2-3 complete sentences) 6 Conclusion: Answer the following based on the lab and IN COMPLETE SENTENCES! 39-40. Explain how science is tentative (ever-changing, subject to revisions, based on human values of the time, unable to be proven/disproven). 1 5 2 4 3 7 7