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Biology 12
Transport Across Membranes
No Energy Required
= PASSIVE
Simple
Osmosis
Facilitated
Diffusion
Diffusion
Energy Required
= ACTIVE
IN
Active
Transport
Endocytosis =
phagocytosis
OUT
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
(little stuff)
gases, lipidsoluble
molecules
sugars, amino
acids
needs carrier
proteins
water
(ions)
(big stuff)
needs carrier
proteins
making vesicles
making vesicles
vesicles fuse
with membrane
sugars, amino
acids, ions
really big stuff,
other cells,
viruses
macromolecules
macromolecules
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ENDOCYTOSIS (PHAGOCYTOSIS)
TIME
EXOCYTOSIS
TIME
Water, O2 and CO2 can easily cross the cell membrane without any help; they diffuse
Channel vs Carrier Proteins
IONS like K+, Na+ and Ca+2 and large molecules like amino acids and glucose must have help .
IONS need help because they can’t get past the hydrophobic region.
Amino acids and glucose are too large to pass through.
Using Carrier
Proteins
The Poster Boy for Carrier Proteins is the Glucose Carrier
Glucose can not enter a cell without the aid of the hormone insulin. Insulin increases the
amount of glucose carriers in the cell membrane.
Answer these questions in short sentences on separate paper. Short Answers. See p.74 – 77 in Mader 10th.
1a.
COMPARE and COMTRAST the following terms:
Term
Compare
diffusion with facilitated
transport
Contrast
diffusion with Osmosis
facilitated transport with Active
transport
diffusion with active transport
1b.
Name and describe the 2 general types of proteins used in Transport of materials across cell membranes
2.
Passive transport is divided into two broad categories: they are _____________ and _______________
3.
Active transport is divided into four broad categories: they are ______________ , _____________ , _______________ and
_______________
4.
Water can move past a membrane very fast when it uses a ________________________-protein.
5.
Glucose and amino acids are water soluble. How do they get past the non-polar tails of phospholipids in the membrane?
6.
Why does Active Transport require energy?
7.
What is the energy currency of the cell?
8.
What process do cells use to export proteins and enzymes and acids?
9.
Both phagocytosis and pinocytosis involve taking IN materials. What is the difference between the two?
10.
True or false: all carrier proteins use energy
11.
Tell whether each of these molecules crosses the cell membrane easily with NO energy required:
macromolecules
non-charged small molecules
water
charged molecules
lipid-soluble molecules
12.
How is glucose able to cross the cell membrane so much faster than other sugars?
13.
True or false: active transport is needed when molecules cross the membrane, moving from low to high concentration
14.
Why is energy required by cells of the thyroid gland to absorb all iodine?
15.
Why do kidney cells have so many mitochondria?
16.
Which cell process is shown in each of the diagrams?
A
B
17.
When molecules are moving DOWN the concentration gradient, do they require Facilitation ?
18.
When molecules are moving DOWN the concentration gradient, does this require energy?
19.
When molecules are moving UP the concentration gradient, do they require Active Transport ?
20.
Which cell process would be associated with the term “ secretion “ ?
21.
What is the diffusion of water across a selectively-permeable membrane called?
a. osmosis
b. pinocytosis
c. endocytosis
d. active transport
22. Which of the following would result in the greatest rate of diffusion of particle across a membrane?
a. small particles at °10 C
b. large particles at °20 C
c. large particles at °30 C
d. small particles at °40 C
23. Name the process shown here at right:
a. hydrolysis
b. phagocytosis
c. pinocytosis
d. exocytosis
24.
Which of the following is an example of osmosis?
a. the absorption of water by the large intestine
b. the absorption of amino acids by the small intestine
c. the movement of carbon dioxide into the blood from the tissues
d. the movement of fluids from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule (in the kidney).
25.
Which of the following processes results in the production of ADP and a phosphate molecule?
a. active transport
b. exocytosis
c. endocytosis
d. diffusion
26.
Which process allows chloride ions to move into a cell without the use of energy?
a. osmosis
b. endocytosis
c. active transport
d. facilitated transport
27.
Which of the following describes active transport?
a. water moves across the cell membrane
b. small molecules are pushed into the tissue fluid by blood pressure
c. molecules are moved against a concentration gradient using energy
d. molecules are moved with the concentration gradient without using energy
28.
Why do calcium ions need a channel protein to enter a cell?
a. they are uncharged, and thus are repelled by the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids
b. they are charged, and thus are repelled by the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids
c. they stick to proteins because proteins are polar and the ions are charged
d. they stick to proteins because proteins are non-polar and the ions are uncharged
Carrier Proteins
Specific
Many types
not understood
Facilitated
for amino acids and glucose
glucose crosses much faster than other sugars ‘cause it has it’s own carrier
ACTIVE
against the conc gradient
eg. iodine in thyroid
Na+ in Kidneys
Na/K pumps… like a swing-set
Uses energy in form of ATP
ATP ATP gives P group to carrier and becomes ADP; Carrier grabs and releases 1 or several molecules
molecules go through
OTHER ions move back through the opposite way into cell
P group releases / proteins goes back to regular shape