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Fitzgerald Name – Study Notes for Grade Level Content Expectations – Civil War and Reconstruction Reasons Southern states seceded Economic Political Border States Economic Believe that a Republican president and Northern dominated Congress will abolish slavery, their source of labor for cotton Political South has lost all national power o North dominates House of Representative due to population o Free states outnumber slave states n the Senate o Lincoln was elected with an overwhelming number of electoral votes though he did not even appear on a ballot in the South Believed they had right to secede based on the theory of states’ rights o The states had voluntarily joined the Union and thus had the right to leave Border States Important – their location and resources could be critical to either side Maryland – If seceded, Washington cut off from Union. o How hold? – refrained from arresting lawmakers who backed South. By allowing them freedom of choice, proUnion forces gain majority. o So Delaware stays with MD Kentucky – Union needed Ohio River as invasion route into South via Mississippi, Confederacy need river as a natural barrier o How hold? – Confederates denied Kentucky choice and invaded, so they went to Union. o So Missouri stays with KY Virginia – Seceded – won’t fire at South (also TN and NC) o But held some - But Union troops helped western backcountry counties break away and form West Virginia. Reasons the North won Advantages and Disadvantages Critical Events Battles Advantages North 22 million people (71%) 85% of nation’s factories double the railroad mileage (71%) virtually all naval power and shipyards Lincoln a remarkable leader Convinced North that democracy on preserving union South (9 million/ 3.5 of them slaves (29%)) able generals – like Lee fighting a defensive war - N. supply lines would have to stretch far - soldiers defending are more motivated First Half of War Anaconda Plan put into action Work down the Mississippi from the north o Forts Henry and Donaldson – taken with ironclads o Shiloh – Grant waits for reinforcements and is able to win Work up Mississippi from the south o New Orleans – taken by Admiral David Farragut’s naval fleet Only 150 miles of Mississippi and Vicksburg left Stop Invasion of North - Antietam, Maryland Emancipation Proclamation - weakens South and brings in 180,000 highly motivated African American soldiers Second Half of War Anaconda Plan Completed - Siege of Vicksburg surround the city, 6 weeks, cut-off food, supplies, bomb each day, live in caves, eat rats, surrender Stop Second Invasion – Gettysburg. Pennsylvania Lee again hoping to get North to end war, get European support 3 day battle o 1st day - Union cavalry unseat and hold the incoming Confederates off the high ground, Union takes high ground o 2nd day - Confederates try to flank the Union lines on the high ground but are held off o 3rd day - Lee orders a deadly mistake - a charge at the middle of the Union line (Pickett’s Charge) across a mile wide field which failed horribly o Union does not pursue and finish off retreating Confederate army that had lost 1/3 of its men! Sherman’s March – Total war against everything that supports enemy, cut across middle of South to sea pumps up North winning Lincoln reelection against antiwar McClellan Grant chases Lee around Richmond – attacks and attacks again, never retreating, (taking Richmond) forced surrender at Appomattox Lincoln’s Presidency Leadership Evolution of emancipation policy Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address Leadership Handling of Forts Situation If he supplied the forts, he risked war. If he ordered troops to leave forts, he would be giving into rebellion. Solution – Inform the South he will send supply ships. Causes South to decide whether to start the war to block the resupply. Handling of protestors Jailed protestors (Copperheads – Northerners sympathetic to South) Suspended writ of Habeas Corpus – in jail without formal charges Evolution of emancipation policy Lincoln’s stated goal – If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it. If I could save it by freeing all slaves I would do it; And if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would do that also.” Emancipation Proclamation Reason’s issued The war was taking a terrible toll by 1862 Would do anything to weaken the South Would free them if he could do it from a position of power, so did it after Antietam (stopped invasion) Effects At first freed very few slaves - they lived in areas controlled by Confederates Did not free anyone in the Border States because he didn’t have the power to do it as commander-in-chief in areas that were not at war with the U.S. It was an important symbolic measure - made the war a war of liberation, not just union. Declared that African American men willing to fight could join the Union Army. By the war’s end 180,000 Black soldiers fought for the Union. Once you made African American soldiers, you could not deny them citizenship. Many slaves ran away to join the Union Army, weakening the South, depriving the Confederates of labor and giving the Union soldiers. War’s Impact on – combatants civilians physical environment future of warfare (technology) Combatants Majority 18-30 – immigrants and native born; mostly farmer, as most people were farmers o African Americans not accepted 2 million Union and less than 1 million Confederate o Join for - glory, excitement, community pressure, loyalty, recruitment $ o Uniforms – Union Blue, Confederate Grey?/Yellowish brown – “The Blue and the Grey” Camp – o Elected own officers o Several drill sessions each day then guard, cut wood, clean, dig latrines o Tent communities Horrid conditions – o Exposure – wet, muddy, cold o Problems with hygiene – “swarms of flies, armies of worms, blasts of stench and oceans of filth” Weeks without bathing or washing Infested with lice and fleas Doctors don’t wash hands or instruments o Twice as many die of disease than battle - dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid, pneumonia, malaria Scavenged from dead after battle Technology Greatest Cause of higher causality – rifles with minie balls o Rifle – grooved barrel causes bullet to spin causing greater accuracy and distance o Minie Ball – hollow base expands to fit grooves in barrel o Also – Rifled Cannon, Repeating Rifles (cavalry) Also Telegraph Hand grenades Railroad Helium Balloons Submarines Photography Ironclads – warships covered in iron – C Merrimac/Virginia, U Monitor Civilian Impact Women – take men’s jobs, nursing – guided by Dorothea Dix, relief agency – Red Cross started by Clara Barton for food, care, connection to loved ones, spies – Belle Boyd South – food shortages, Inflation North – Draft riots/racial tension, boost industrial production, income tax Paper currency Role of African Americans in the war Link to Emancipation Proclamation soldiers 54th Mass. slave resistance Emancipation Proclamation Declared that African American men willing to fight could join the Union Army. By the war’s end 180,000 Black soldiers fought for the Union. Once you made African American soldiers, you could not deny them citizenship. Slave Resistance Many slaves ran away to join the Union Army, weakening the South, depriving the Confederates of labor and giving the Union soldiers. Slowed or stopped work Committed sabotage – destroying crops and machinery Soldiers faced graver danger than White soldiers because Confederates would not take them prisoner but would shoot them or return them to slavery 54th Massachusetts One of the first African American regiments formed in the north Included two sons of Frederick Douglas Refused to accept lower pay than Whites Soon became the most famous regiment of the Civil War Heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina Positions on Reconstruction Lincoln Johnson Radical Republicans African Americans 3 questions – 1. What should be done to Southerners who rebelled? 2. What should Southern states be require to do to get readmitted to the Union? 3. What should be done for freedmen? Lincoln – 2nd inaugural – “With malice toward none; with charity toward all;” With Lincoln dead, two plans developed Johnson’s Plan – new president, former Tennessee slave holder Radical Republicans Plan - Congress What should be done to Southerners who rebelled? Johnson’s Plan Give verbal pledge of loyalty and seek pardons from Congress to stay in office Radical Republicans Plan Confiscate land Can’t vote on new state constitution What should Southern states be require to do to get readmitted to the Union? Johnson’s Plan New Constitutions - repeal secession and approve 13th amendment ending slavery Radical Republican’s Plan Replace all existing political leaders New constitutions – full rights and vote for freedmen Military rule until new rights enforced What should be done for freedmen? Johnson’s Plan Choice of allowing equal rights and vote left to state Radical Republican’s Plan States must provide assistance and protection to freedmen o give land, build schools Vote Military rule until enforced Early responses to end the Civil War Freedmen’s Bureau Debate over support for Freedmen Sharecropping slave code to black codes Freedman’s Bureau A government group Set up right after the war To assist freemen Main focus schools o With missionary groups and African-American organizations o In borrowed space o 150,000 students in 3,000 schools by 1869 o Teachers – 10% who could already read and northerners o Ku Klux Klan – kill teachers, burn schools o Black colleges also formed – ex. Howard and Spellman Black Codes State laws in the South to limit the rights of freedmen Old slave codes renamed Examples – can’t meet in groups, can’t carry guns No land given to slave – believe that civil and voting rights is enough Sharecropping develops 1. Get land and seed from white owner – promise to give ½ of crop 2. Buy food, etc., at owners store on credit (will pay when crop comes in) 3. Plant and harvest 4. Give ½ to landowner and extra to cover cost of purchase 5. Problem – owe more than crop worth (really?) 6. Promise more than ½ next year to pay extra debt – trapped in cycle New Role of African Americans in politics Resistance of Whites Served as representatives ¼ of delegates to conventions for new state constitutions in the South 600 state legislators 14 U.S. congressmen 2 U.S. senators New state constitutions gave the freedmen the vote Grant’s presidential wins depended on black vote o In 1868 – 500,000 voted in South despite KKK o In 1871 – Grant asks Congress to pass tough law specifically against Klan It allowed Federal marshals to arrest thousands of Klansmen As a result 1872 election was fair and peaceful o Grant won again in 1872 Ku Klux Klan (aka the Klan, the KKK) develops Violent racism Goals – o to restore control of Democratic party in South (v. Radical Republicans) o keep freedmen powerless Targets – o voters, schools, those who are successful, white who help Methods – o beat, burn, lynch Intent and Effect of 13th, 14th, 15th amendments 13 Amendment Ends slavery 14th Amendment All people born in the United States are citizens and have the same rights and equal protection under the law 15th Amendment – MAKES WOMEN REALLY MAD!!! Can’t be stopped from voting due to race, color, or previous condition of servitude Efforts to prevent African American voting – U.S. v Reese - Supreme Court rule that o 15th amendment does not give the right to vote o It just lists reasons it can’t be denied o So it can be denied for other reasons, like Poll taxes – pay enough to vote? Literacy tests – reading test The decision to remove Union troops and its impact Result of a compromise over a disputed presidential election Election of 1876 - Race very close o Came down to electoral votes in South In three states both sides claimed victory because so close o South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida Special commission makes deal o Democrats win o Troops removed Summary Reasons Southern states seceded Economic Political Border States Reasons why the North won Advantages and Disadvantages Critical Events Battles Lincoln’s Presidency Leadership Evolution of emancipation policy Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Address Role of African Americans in the war Link to Emancipation Proclamation soldiers 54th Mass. slave resistance War’s impact on combatants, civilians, physical environment, future of warfare combatants civilians physical environment future of warfare (technology) Positions on Reconstruction Lincoln Johnson Radical Republicans African Americans Early responses to end the Civil War Freedmen’s Bureau Debate over support for Freedmen Sharecropping slave code to black codes New Role of African Americans and resistance of whites Intent and Effect of 13th, 14th, 15th amendment Explain the decision to remove Union troops and its impact