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Fitzgerald
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Study Notes for Grade Level Content Expectations –
Civil War and Reconstruction
Reasons Southern
states seceded



Economic
Political
Border States
Economic
 Believe that a Republican president and Northern dominated
Congress will abolish slavery, their source of labor for cotton
Political
 South has lost all national power
o North dominates House of Representative due to
population
o Free states outnumber slave states n the Senate
o Lincoln was elected with an overwhelming number of
electoral votes though he did not even appear on a ballot
in the South

Believed they had right to secede based on the theory of states’
rights
o The states had voluntarily joined the Union and thus had
the right to leave
Border States
 Important – their location and resources could be critical to either
side
 Maryland – If seceded, Washington cut off from Union.
o How hold? – refrained from arresting lawmakers who
backed South. By allowing them freedom of choice, proUnion forces gain majority.
o So Delaware stays with MD
 Kentucky – Union needed Ohio River as invasion route into South
via Mississippi, Confederacy need river as a natural barrier
o How hold? – Confederates denied Kentucky choice and
invaded, so they went to Union.
o So Missouri stays with KY
 Virginia – Seceded – won’t fire at South (also TN and NC)
o But held some - But Union troops helped western
backcountry counties break away and form West Virginia.
Reasons the North
won



Advantages
and
Disadvantages
Critical Events
Battles
Advantages
North
22 million people (71%)
85% of nation’s factories
double the railroad mileage (71%)
virtually all naval power and shipyards
Lincoln a remarkable leader Convinced North that democracy
on preserving union
South
(9 million/ 3.5 of them slaves (29%))
able generals – like Lee
fighting a defensive war
- N. supply lines would have to
stretch far
- soldiers defending are more
motivated
First Half of War
Anaconda Plan put into action  Work down the Mississippi from the north
o Forts Henry and Donaldson – taken with ironclads
o Shiloh – Grant waits for reinforcements and is able to win
 Work up Mississippi from the south
o New Orleans – taken by Admiral David Farragut’s naval
fleet
 Only 150 miles of Mississippi and Vicksburg left
Stop Invasion of North - Antietam, Maryland
Emancipation Proclamation - weakens South and brings in 180,000 highly
motivated African American soldiers
Second Half of War
Anaconda Plan Completed - Siege of Vicksburg
 surround the city, 6 weeks, cut-off food, supplies, bomb each day,
live in caves, eat rats, surrender
Stop Second Invasion – Gettysburg. Pennsylvania
 Lee again hoping to get North to end war, get European support
 3 day battle
o 1st day - Union cavalry unseat and hold the incoming
Confederates off the high ground, Union takes high ground
o 2nd day - Confederates try to flank the Union lines on the
high ground but are held off
o 3rd day - Lee orders a deadly mistake - a charge at the
middle of the Union line (Pickett’s Charge) across a mile
wide field which failed horribly
o Union does not pursue and finish off retreating
Confederate army that had lost 1/3 of its men!
Sherman’s March –
 Total war against everything that supports enemy, cut across
middle of South to sea
 pumps up North winning Lincoln reelection against antiwar
McClellan
Grant chases Lee around Richmond –
 attacks and attacks again, never retreating, (taking Richmond)
 forced surrender at Appomattox
Lincoln’s
Presidency




Leadership
Evolution of
emancipation
policy
Emancipation
Proclamation
Gettysburg
Address
Leadership
Handling of Forts Situation
 If he supplied the forts, he risked war.
 If he ordered troops to leave forts, he would be giving into rebellion.
 Solution – Inform the South he will send supply ships. Causes South to
decide whether to start the war to block the resupply.
Handling of protestors
 Jailed protestors (Copperheads – Northerners sympathetic to South)
 Suspended writ of Habeas Corpus – in jail without formal charges
Evolution of emancipation policy
Lincoln’s stated goal –
 If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it.
 If I could save it by freeing all slaves I would do it;
 And if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would
do that also.”
Emancipation Proclamation
Reason’s issued
 The war was taking a terrible toll by 1862
 Would do anything to weaken the South
 Would free them if he could do it from a position of power, so did it
after Antietam (stopped invasion)
Effects
 At first freed very few slaves - they lived in areas controlled by
Confederates
 Did not free anyone in the Border States because he didn’t have the
power to do it as commander-in-chief in areas that were not at war
with the U.S.
 It was an important symbolic measure - made the war a war of
liberation, not just union.
 Declared that African American men willing to fight could join the
Union Army. By the war’s end 180,000 Black soldiers fought for the
Union.
 Once you made African American soldiers, you could not deny them
citizenship.
 Many slaves ran away to join the Union Army, weakening the South,
depriving the Confederates of labor and giving the Union soldiers.
War’s Impact on –




combatants
civilians
physical
environment
future of
warfare
(technology)
Combatants
 Majority 18-30 – immigrants and native born; mostly farmer, as most
people were farmers
o African Americans not accepted
 2 million Union and less than 1 million Confederate
o Join for - glory, excitement, community pressure, loyalty,
recruitment $
o Uniforms – Union Blue, Confederate Grey?/Yellowish
brown – “The Blue and the Grey”
 Camp –
o Elected own officers
o Several drill sessions each day then guard, cut wood, clean,
dig latrines
o Tent communities
 Horrid conditions –
o Exposure – wet, muddy, cold
o Problems with hygiene –
 “swarms of flies, armies of worms, blasts of stench
and oceans of filth”
 Weeks without bathing or washing
 Infested with lice and fleas
 Doctors don’t wash hands or instruments
o Twice as many die of disease than battle - dysentery,
diarrhea, typhoid, pneumonia, malaria
 Scavenged from dead after battle
Technology
 Greatest Cause of higher causality – rifles with minie balls
o Rifle – grooved barrel causes bullet to spin causing greater
accuracy and distance
o Minie Ball – hollow base expands to fit grooves in barrel
o Also – Rifled Cannon, Repeating Rifles (cavalry)
 Also
Telegraph
Hand grenades
Railroad
Helium Balloons
Submarines
Photography
Ironclads – warships covered in iron – C Merrimac/Virginia, U Monitor
Civilian Impact
 Women – take men’s jobs, nursing – guided by Dorothea Dix, relief
agency – Red Cross started by Clara Barton for food, care, connection
to loved ones, spies – Belle Boyd
 South – food shortages, Inflation
 North – Draft riots/racial tension, boost industrial production, income
tax
 Paper currency
Role of African
Americans in the
war




Link to
Emancipation
Proclamation
soldiers
54th Mass.
slave
resistance
Emancipation Proclamation
 Declared that African American men willing to fight could join the
Union Army. By the war’s end 180,000 Black soldiers fought for the
Union.
 Once you made African American soldiers, you could not deny them
citizenship.
Slave Resistance
 Many slaves ran away to join the Union Army, weakening the South,
depriving the Confederates of labor and giving the Union soldiers.
 Slowed or stopped work
 Committed sabotage – destroying crops and machinery
Soldiers
 faced graver danger than White soldiers because Confederates would
not take them prisoner but would shoot them or return them to
slavery
54th Massachusetts
 One of the first African American regiments formed in the north
 Included two sons of Frederick Douglas
 Refused to accept lower pay than Whites
 Soon became the most famous regiment of the Civil War
 Heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina
Positions on
Reconstruction




Lincoln
Johnson
Radical
Republicans
African
Americans
3 questions –
1. What should be done to Southerners who rebelled?
2. What should Southern states be require to do to get
readmitted to the Union?
3. What should be done for freedmen?
Lincoln –

2nd inaugural – “With malice toward none; with charity toward
all;”
With Lincoln dead, two plans developed
 Johnson’s Plan – new president, former Tennessee slave
holder
 Radical Republicans Plan - Congress
What should be done to Southerners who rebelled?
Johnson’s Plan
 Give verbal pledge of loyalty and seek pardons from Congress
to stay in office

Radical Republicans Plan
 Confiscate land
 Can’t vote on new state constitution
What should Southern states be require to do to get readmitted to the
Union?
Johnson’s Plan
 New Constitutions - repeal secession and approve 13th
amendment ending slavery
Radical Republican’s Plan
 Replace all existing political leaders
 New constitutions – full rights and vote for freedmen
 Military rule until new rights enforced
What should be done for freedmen?
Johnson’s Plan
 Choice of allowing equal rights and vote left to state
Radical Republican’s Plan
 States must provide assistance and protection to freedmen
o give land, build schools
 Vote
 Military rule until enforced
Early responses to
end the Civil War




Freedmen’s
Bureau
Debate over
support for
Freedmen
Sharecropping
slave code to
black codes
Freedman’s Bureau
 A government group
 Set up right after the war
 To assist freemen
 Main focus schools
o With missionary groups and African-American
organizations
o In borrowed space
o 150,000 students in 3,000 schools by 1869
o Teachers – 10% who could already read and northerners
o Ku Klux Klan – kill teachers, burn schools
o Black colleges also formed – ex. Howard and Spellman
Black Codes
 State laws in the South to limit the rights of freedmen
 Old slave codes renamed
 Examples – can’t meet in groups, can’t carry guns
No land given to slave – believe that civil and voting rights is enough
Sharecropping develops
1. Get land and seed from white owner – promise to give ½ of crop
2. Buy food, etc., at owners store on credit (will pay when crop comes in)
3. Plant and harvest
4. Give ½ to landowner and extra to cover cost of purchase
5. Problem – owe more than crop worth (really?)
6. Promise more than ½ next year to pay extra debt – trapped in cycle
New Role of
African
Americans in
politics
Resistance of
Whites
Served as representatives
 ¼ of delegates to conventions for new state constitutions in the South
 600 state legislators
 14 U.S. congressmen
 2 U.S. senators

New state constitutions gave the freedmen the vote

Grant’s presidential wins depended on black vote
o In 1868 – 500,000 voted in South despite KKK
o In 1871 – Grant asks Congress to pass tough law specifically
against Klan
 It allowed Federal marshals to arrest thousands of
Klansmen
 As a result 1872 election was fair and peaceful
o Grant won again in 1872
Ku Klux Klan (aka the Klan, the KKK) develops
 Violent racism
 Goals –
o to restore control of Democratic party in South (v. Radical
Republicans)
o keep freedmen powerless
 Targets –
o voters, schools, those who are successful, white who help
 Methods –
o beat, burn, lynch
Intent and Effect
of 13th, 14th, 15th
amendments
13 Amendment
 Ends slavery
14th Amendment
 All people born in the United States are citizens and have the same
rights and equal protection under the law
15th Amendment – MAKES WOMEN REALLY MAD!!!
 Can’t be stopped from voting due to race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
Efforts to prevent African American voting –
 U.S. v Reese - Supreme Court rule that
o 15th amendment does not give the right to vote
o It just lists reasons it can’t be denied
o So it can be denied for other reasons, like
 Poll taxes – pay enough to vote?
 Literacy tests – reading test
The decision to
remove Union
troops and its
impact
Result of a compromise over a disputed presidential election
 Election of 1876 - Race very close
o Came down to electoral votes in South
 In three states both sides claimed victory because so close
o South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida
 Special commission makes deal
o Democrats win
o Troops removed
Summary
Reasons Southern states seceded

Economic

Political

Border States
Reasons why the North won

Advantages and Disadvantages

Critical Events

Battles
Lincoln’s Presidency

Leadership

Evolution of emancipation policy

Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg Address
Role of African Americans in the war Link to Emancipation Proclamation

soldiers

54th Mass.

slave resistance
War’s impact on combatants, civilians, physical environment, future of warfare

combatants

civilians

physical environment

future of warfare (technology)
Positions on Reconstruction

Lincoln

Johnson

Radical Republicans

African Americans
Early responses to end the Civil War

Freedmen’s Bureau

Debate over support for Freedmen

Sharecropping

slave code to black codes
New Role of African Americans and resistance of whites
Intent and Effect of 13th, 14th, 15th amendment
Explain the decision to remove Union troops and its impact