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You are a young officer in the Roman army. You are going to fight these people. How does this make you feel? Title: Otto Albert Koch: Varusschlacht, 1909 (Lippisches Landesmuseum Detmold) Author: Otto Albert Koch: Source: www.lwl.org License: The author died in 1920, so this work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 80 years or less. The Roman army won many battles over hundreds of years to gain their vast empire. Much of the time things went well. But occasionally things went wrong. Horrifically wrong… The Roman army was very successful. It conquered much of what was called the known world – what do you think this phrase means? Look at the Roman empire. All the coloured in parts show the empire, the different colours show years that territory was added. Which countries do you know? Recognise on this map? Don’t forget there were no phones, internet, cars, planes. How vast would this empire have seemed? Lost legions of Rome Title: The Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar (31 BC - AD 6) Author: Cristiano64 Source: Lavoro proprio, self-made License: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported licence. Roman armies on the edge of the empire would be sent on dangerous missions And sometimes they disappeared forever! Which we will find out about later… And sometimes… Like the time P Q Varus led three legions into the Teutoburg forest in Germany. We know the full horrific spine curdling details of what happened to them Here is their story….. The key players: Publius Quinctilius Varus was appointed governor of Germania and given the job of continuing the expansion of the Roman empire into the tribal lands of what is now Germany. He had put down revolts from people who didn’t want to be ruled by Rome in countries that are now called Lebanon and Israel. He was cruel and severely punished and tortured the defeated rebels. The key players: Arminius was a German who had been sent to Rome as a child. To the Germans he is known as Hermann. He had learnt much about the Roman’s civilisation and was working as an advisor to the Romans. He told P Q Varus that the German tribes over the border were fighting and causing problems which could affect the empire. Title: Johannes Gehrts: Armin verabschiedet sich von Thusnelda, 1884 (Lippisches Landesmuseum Detmold) Author: Johannes Gehrts (1855–1921) Source: http://www.lippische-wochenschau.de License:Thiis s a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. The work of art itself is in the public domain for the following reason: The author died in 1921, so this work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 80 years or less. But it was a trick. What do you think the romans thought of him? And the German tribes? Do you think this painting shows the German or the Roman view of Arminius? You are a young officer in P Q Varus’ invading Roman army. You are far from home, on the edges of the empire and entering a forest full of German tribes people. The Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci, Sicambri, and remaining warriors of the Suebi all tribes that normally fought each other but now united by Arminius to fight off the Romans. Arminius was trusted b Varus and persuaded him to take a short cut through this forest. You have been told that this forest might be full of German warriors. All your men are looking for reassurance. How do you feel? What can you see? Hear? What are you thinking? Title: Fog in Teutoburg Forest near Oerlinghausen, Germany Author: Own work Source: Nikater License: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International, 3.0 Unported, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. Suddenly the German tribes attacked. The Roman army of Varus was huge, made up of 3 legions and other support units totalling somewhere between 15,000 to 20,000 soldiers. The column of men was 12 miles long. But the Germans isolated a section at a time. One section would be attacked but the generals up the front wouldn’t know about it because the column was so long. The Romans liked to form a shield wall on open ground but in the forest there was no room. Their usual tatics were useless here. And then it was your turn. You would have been able to hear the screams and shout of war miles away as the rear of the army was attacked. Imagine you are a Roman here. Pick out a Roman – What can you see? Hear? Feel? Smell? What happened here? Act it out with a friend – describe being here using the prompts above. Title: Manifestement, tableau de la bataille de Teutoburg entre les légions de Varus et les Germains d'Arminius en 9 ap. J.-C. Author: unknown Source: Келли Девриз, Мартин Догерти, Йен Дикки, Филлис Джестайс, Роб Райс «Великие сражения Древнего Мира. 1285 год до н.э. - 451 год н.э.». — Москва: Эксмо, 2008. — С. 223. — ISBN 978-5-699-25961-8 License: This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or less. By the 3rd day of battle the German tribes were wearing the Romans down. They lured them to a spot where they had built walls they could hide behind to attack from. Title: The Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar (31 BC - AD 6) Author: Cristiano64 Source: Lavoro proprio, self-made License: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported licence. The full force of the German tribes is being unleashed on the tired and beleaguered Romans. Pick a Roman soldier. Think about the soldier you have picked - what can he see and hear? What is he feeling? Cassius Dio a Roman wrote about what happened to the legions advancing into the forest of Teutoburg in Southern Germany 2 They had with them many waggons and many beasts of burden as in time of peace; moreover, not a few women and children and a large retinue of servants were following them — one more reason for their advancing in scattered groups. 3 Meanwhile a violent rain and wind came up that separated them still further, while the ground, that had become slippery around the roots and logs, made p45walking very treacherous for them, and the tops of the trees kept breaking off and falling down, causing much confusion. 4 While the Romans were in such difficulties, the barbarians suddenly surrounded them on all sides at once, coming through the densest thickets, as they were acquainted with the paths. At first they hurled their volleys from a distance; then, as no one defended himself and many were wounded, they approached closer to them. 3 They were still p47advancing when the fourth day dawned, and again a heavy downpour and violent wind assailed them, preventing them from going forward and even from standing securely, and moreover depriving them of the use of their weapons. For they could not handle their bows or their javelins with any success, nor, for that matter, their shields, which were thoroughly soaked. 4 Their opponents, on the other hand, being for the most part lightly equipped, and able to approach and retire freely, suffered less from the storm. Furthermore, the enemy's forces had greatly increased, as many of those who had at first wavered joined them, largely in the hope of plunder, and thus they could more easily encircle and strike down the Romans, whose ranks were now thinned, many having perished in the earlier fighting. 5 Varus, therefore, and all the more prominent officers, fearing that they should either be captured alive or be killed by their bitterest foes (for they had already been wounded), made bold to do a thing that was terrible yet unavoidable: they took their own lives. Source:This webpage reproduces a Book of Roman History by Cassius Dio published in Vol. VII of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1924 License: The text is in the public domain The Eagle of the ninth. In the year AD 165 Emperor Marcus Aurelius assembled a list of his legions. 2 legions were missing: the 22nd “Deiotariana” legion and the 9th “Hispana” legion. Why? The Ninth was stationed in Britain. The last record of these 5000 soldiers in Britain was from AD 108 – they were inscribed in the construction of an archway in York. Some units of the ninth appeared in records Roman army records in Germania in the 2nd century. Other historians point to the legion being moved to take part in the Roman wars against the Parthian empire in the middle East later in the 2nd century. No-one knows what happened for sure. But in effect after AD 108 they disappeared. What happened? 5000 professional, highly trained soldiers. Imagine if that happened now? 5000 soldiers disappearing in one go! No explanation! What would you think? What would the reaction be? Can you imagine the news headlines? Reconstructi on of last known record of the ninth at York in England. An intriguing theory about their fate was put forward in the novel: “The Eagle of the ninth” by Rosemary Sutcliffe. The book describes the ninth disappearing in to the north of Britain to put down a rebellion of Caledonian tribes. Once in the wilderness and mists of the north they were ambushed and annihilated by the combined tribal armies of the Picts in Caledonia. The Romans were not used to losing. To lose the Standard and the eagle of a legion brought great shame to anyone associated with such a defeat. Sutcliffe first got the idea for the book when she saw this eagle. It was recovered from a building site in Silchester, England. We now know that it wasn’t the eagle from the standard of the ninth. Nevertheless the actual eagle would have been sought after and it’s recovery from the wilderness would have restored some pride to the memory of the Ninth! Here you can see how long Hadrian’s wall really is. The Antonine wall was also added later on as you can see. What does the construction of these wall tell you about the northern Caledonian tribes? As you can see the wall crossed the whole of the country from Cumbria to Newcastle upon Tyne. Could the destruction of the Ninth terrified Emperor Hadrian so much that he felt he had to build this permanent defence? What made him do this? What happened to the ninth? Here are some reconstructions of Hadrian’s wall. Imagine what a huge project this was. Do you think the soldiers who built it knew what happened to the ninth? Would there have been rumours about their fate? Imagine you are in this picture in AD 117 building the wall. Would you have been scared? Imagine you could noises in the hills and scrub land. What might you have imagined these noises were? Title: Reconstruction of Hadrian's wall Author: © Copyright Phil Champion Source: geograph License: licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence. Title: Reconstructed section of Hadrian's Wall, Vindolanda Vindolanda Roman Fort Author: © Copyright Phil Champion Source: geograph License ; licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence. Here are some of the remains of Hadrian’s wall. This wall was built thousands of years ago in A.D. 122 when emperor Hadrian visited Britain. It took around 6 years to complete and stood for hundreds of years untouched. The height of the wall and the features of the buildings attached to the wall were eventually reduced by armies and even local farmers who took the stone. Title: The remains of a fort on Hadrian's Wall near Housesteads, England. Author:Wilson44691 at English Wikipedia Source: Photograph taken by Mark A. Wilson (Department of Geology, The College of Wooster). License: This work has been released into the public domain by its author, Wilson44691 at English Wikipedia. This applies worldwide. Pictish warriors awaited the Roman soldiers in he ancient north of the Isles Of Britannica. Imagine coming face to face with one of these warriors. Can you see their tattoos? They were bright blue. Thousands of these warriors stood ready to defeat the Romans. The story focused of the Eagle of the ninth focused on the son of an officer, Marcus Flavius Aquila. He is injured in a battle and is retired out of the army. He sees this as an opportunity. He ventures over the border into the Pictish lands of Scotland. He enlists help of various Britons and Picts to recover the Eagle of the Ninth and find the truth about his Father’s fate. Imagine he found the battle field. In their desperation a small contingent of soldiers could have been given the job of burying the eagle under the ground and with it other artefacts including a diary written by his father. What might this diary have said? Can you write it? Use the pictures as a starting point. Imagine each pictures tells each part of your mission to stop the northern tribes. How would each episode be recounted in his father’s diary? You depart one morning, just after sunrise. There are over 5000 of you. As an officer you are at the head of the column. What can you say about your mission? What about the place you are marching into? What do your men say to you? What do they gossip about? What stories have you heard about the Pict warriors? Do your men hope to capture fortunes and land of off the Caledonian tribes? What do they think about this place they are marching through? The army marches through a dark forest. Can you describe it? What can you hear? See? Smell? What fears do you have? What would you write about this place? What might lurk in the forest? The forest may have been dark but at least there wasn’t this mist. What would you write about this place? Think about the mist. How thick could it get? Where wold the mist come from? Who might it hide? What might your men say about this mist – do they think it might have been sent to stop them? Who might have sent it? Without knowing it you find yourself in the highlands. It is very different to the warmer lands of England and your home in Italy. You can hear the wind ripping across the hills and whistling as you sleep at night. One foot out of place and men fall to their doom. What do you write about this place? What does it feel like? Look like? Smell like? Sound like? On a freezing night the aurora borealis appears. The Romans would have had no explanation for this and it is doubtful that they encountered it before as it appears in the most northern parts of Europe – beyond the empire’s frontier. What would they think? What would his father write? What would the soldiers say about this vision to each other? The mist gets thicker again and your men can hear the distant beat of feet and drums. You see groups of men and women painted in blue only for them to disappear into the mist. What happens here? What do you tell the commanding officer? Some of your men start to fear this a trap. You trudge onwards. The snow is deep and you are freezing all the time. Have the commanding officers taken you in the wrong direction? Can you describe what it is like here? What are the men under your command saying? Then a snow storm appears. What happens? Maybe the army get broken up into different parts? Are some men starting to get so cold that they are getting ill? Can you describe the effect of the storm? You survive the storm but you are still on dangerous and very high ground. Is your army still intact? Have you get separated? Have contingents of Pict warriors attacked sections at a time? How do you and your men feel now? How long have you been here? You stop to make camp. In the next moment you can see thousand of blue painted warriors appearing from either side of this mountain. What happens next? How do you hide the diary and the Eagle? Do you have time to scribble a few words before you hide the dairy? Can you describe the horrific scene unfolding before you? What happens to your army?