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Name __________________________
Glossary: Unit IV Terms
Ms. Russo/Ms. Pehowic – Science 7 – period _____
Date ____________________
Directions: Fill in the key information about the following scientists as we learn
about them and their scientific contributions.
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Name
Robert Hooke
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Anton von
Leeuwenhoek
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5
Matthias
Schleiden
Theodor
Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
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Gregor Mendel
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Rosalind
Franklin
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James Watson
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Francis Crick
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10 Maurice Wilkins
Info/Contributions
English scientist; one of the first people to observe cells;
coined the term “cell” based upon the rooms or cells in the
monastery in which he lived (1663)
“Father of Microscopy;” improved lenses and the compound
microscope; the first to see many microorganisms, including
bacteria (which he called animacules), protists, and yeast
(1673)
German botanist; worked with plant tissues and determined
that all plants are made of cells (1838)
German naturalist; worked with animal tissues and
determined that all animals are made of cells (1839)
German biologist; as a pathologist, he studied the behavior
of cells and determined “every cell originates from another
existing cell like it” (1858)
Father of Genetics; an Austrian monk that worked with pea
plants in an abbey garden and created the Laws of Heredity
famous for “Photo 51,” an x-ray image taken that indicated
the true, double-helix shape of DNA; Maurice Wilkins, who
shared a lab with Franklin, stole the information connected
to her research to aid James Watson and Francis Crick in
the discovery of DNAs true shape; Franklin died before
receiving credit for this discovery
an American scientist that received the Nobel Prize for
discovering the double-helix shape of DNA; later, Watson
admitted to taking the research of Rosalind Franklin in order
to come to his conclusion
a British scientist that received the Nobel Prize for
discovering the double-helix shape of DNA
a British scientist that received the Nobel Prize for
discovering the double-helix shape of DNA
Directions: Fill in the definitions for the following terms as we learn them. This will
act as a great study resource for any quizzes, tests, and the final exam in June.
**Note: Even if you already know the term, you must still define it.
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Term
Cell Theory
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cell membrane
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cell wall
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chloroplast
chromatin
cytoplasm
Golgi body
(apparatus)
lysosome
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mitochondrion
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nuclear
membrane
nucleolus
nucleus
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ribosome
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rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Definition
a widely-accepted explanation of the relationship between
cells and living things; the three parts are:
- all living things are made (composed) of cells
- cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all
living things
- cells come from previously existing, living cells like them
acts as the “gatekeeper” of the cell; regulates what goes
into/out of the cell
a non-living layer that acts as the outermost layer of plant
cells; regulates what goes into/out of a cell
location of photosynthesis; found in plant cells
slightly coiled DNA strands in the nucleus
jelly-like interior of cells; contains most of the organelles
final packaging of materials for the cells
contain chemicals that break down large molecules and old
organelles
location of cellular respiration; provides most of the energy
for cells; cells that require a lot of energy, like muscle cells,
will have many mitochondria to provide that energy
surrounds the nucleus; regulates what goes into/comes out
of the nucleus
located within the nucleus; makes ribosomes
control center of the cell; directs the cells in what they
should do
produce proteins for the cell and to be transported outside
the cell
passageway for materials like proteins to be transported;
outside of this ER is covered in ribosomes
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smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
vacuole
Levels of
cellular org.
cell transport
permeable
impermeable
selectively
permeable
passive
transport
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diffusion
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osmosis
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hypertonic
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hypotonic
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isotonic
active
transport
transport
proteins
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transport by
engulfing
passageway for materials like proteins to be transported;
lacks ribosomes on the outside
storage area for cells; plant cells have one large vacuole;
animal cells have several small
Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism
achieved through the cell membrane; needed so that
required materials can move into an out of a cell
a material can pass freely in and out
a material is neither allowed to pass in nor out
a material may or may not be able to pass freely in and out
materials move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration without the use of energy;
examples include diffusion and osmosis
movement of molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration; a cell
membrane is not required but can be present
the movement of water molecules through a selectively
permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration
high number of particles (with a low concentration of water
molecules)
low number of particles (with a high concentration of water
molecules)
equal parts/concentrations
materials move from an area of lower concentration to an
area of higher concentration with the use of energy
embedded in the cell membrane; use energy to move
materials from an area of lower concentration to an area of
higher concentration
AKA “cell eating;” portions of the cell membrane reach out
like arms around an object, pinch off, and make a vacuole;
energy must be used to accomplish this movement of
materials from areas of lower concentration to areas of
higher concentration
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The Cell Cycle
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Interphase
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Mitosis
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Prophase
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Metaphase
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Anaphase
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Telophase
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Cytokinesis
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Chromosome
Chromatid
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furrow
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stem body
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vesicle
a regular sequence of growth and division that cells go
through; prevents cells from becoming too big and not
functioning properly due to their size; allows you to
regenerate tissue and grow; similar to binary fission in
unicellular organisms
the longest part of the Cell Cycle, where the cell grows it its
full size, DNA replicates (doubles), and the cell prepares for
division; for cells that divide, they spend 90% of the Cell
Cycle in Interphase
the division of the nucleus; broken into 4 parts: Prophase,
Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
the first part of Mitosis; chromatin condenses (coils) into
chromosomes, the nuclear membrane disappears, and
spindle fibers form
the second part of Mitosis; spindle fibers attach to
centromeres and chromosomes line up down the middle of
the cell
the third part of Mitosis; spindle fibers that were attached
to the centromeres pull apart the sister chromatids; other
spindle fibers stretch the cell
the last part of Mitosis; the nuclear membrane reforms
within each newly-formed daughter cell, chromatids uncoil
into chromatin, and Cytokinesis begins
the division of the cytoplasm; begins during Telophase; for
animal cells, a furrow forms that bundles the spindle fibers
into a stembody that is pinched in two when the cell is
pinched in two daughter cells; for plant cells, vesicles
containing cell wall and cell membrane material line up and
open to form a cell plate, and then the cell plate expands
into cell wall and cell membrane to cut the plant cell into
two daughter cells
a highly/tightly coiled form of DNA found during Mitosis
½ of a chromosome; the chromatids that make up a
chromosome are called sister chromatids
the segment of an animal cell that results from the pinching
in of the parent cell during Cytokinesis
the bundle of spindle fibers that is created by the furrow
during Cytokinesis in animal cells
a temporary organelle in plant cell Cytokinesis that contains
cell wall and cell membrane material
the result of vesicles fusing together in plant cell
Cytokinesis
the scientific study of heredity
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cell plate
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Genetics
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Law of
Dominance
one of the Laws of Heredity that states: 1. all traits have
genes from two parents, 2. if the genes are alike, the
offspring will inherit that trait, and 3. if the genes are
opposite, the offspring will inherit one trait while the other
is “hidden”
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dominant
a trait that always shows up in the organism when the
allele for that trait is present; it “masks” the recessive trait
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recessive
a trait that is masked when the dominant form of that allele
is present
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pureline
having two copies of the same allele for a particular trait
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hybrid
having two different copies of the alleles for a particular
trait
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allele
the different forms of a gene
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trait
a characteristic that an organism can pass onto its offspring
through genes
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gene
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heredity
a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a
specific trait; some traits are controlled by a combination of
multiple genes working together
the passing of traits from parent to offspring
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genetic
engineering
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Adenine
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Thymine
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Guanine
the transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into
another organism in order to produce an organism with
desired traits
a nucleotide that pairs with Thymine to make up the
“rungs” of the DNA ladder
a nucleotide that pairs with Adenine to make up the
“rungs” of the DNA ladder
a nucleotide that pairs with Cytosine to make up the
“rungs” of the DNA ladder
a nucleotide that pairs with Guanine to make up the
“rungs” of the DNA ladder
traits that are passed on from the parent generation to any
offspring they have by genes
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Cytosine
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inheritable
traits
generation
true breeding
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P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
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Law of
Segregation
genotype
homozygous
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heterozygous
a combination of two different alleles for a given trait; aka
hybrid
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phenotype
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Punnett
Square
probability
genotypic ratio
the physical characteristics of an organism; tells what we
see (example tall, brown hair, blue eyes, etc.)
a abstract tool used by scientists to show all the possible
combinations of alleles that can result from genetic crosses
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phenotypic
ratio
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incomplete
dominance
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codominance
one level within a Mendelian breeding scheme
during Mendel’s experiments, when the plants selfpollinate, all their offspring were of the same variety
true breeding parents
(first filial) hybrid offspring of the P generation
(second filial)offspring from the self-pollination of the F1
hybrids.
one of the Laws of Heredity that state: two alleles for each
trait separate during gamete production
a combination of two alleles; tells which genes are present
a combination of two of the same allele for a given trait;
aka pureline
the likelihood that a particular event will occur
the ratio of genotypes from most dominant to least
dominant (in dominance over recessiveness) or
alphabetically (in both incomplete and codominance)
the ratio of phenotypes from most dominant to least
dominant (in dominance over recessiveness) or
alphabetically (in both incomplete and codominance)
a form of dominance where the heterozygous individual
shows a blend of traits and is represented by two capital
letters (RW = pink); in humans, hair, eye, and skin color
are controlled by this type of dominance
a form of dominance where the heterozygous individual
shows both traits (IRIW = red and white); in humans, blood
type is controlled by this type of dominance
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meiosis
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XX
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XY
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karyotype
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Down
Syndrome
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mutation
gene mutation
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chromosome
mutation
nondisjunction
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selective
breeding
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biotechnology
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the division of the nucleus that occurs in gametes (sex
cells); this causes the gametes of a given organism to have
half the number of chromosomes of the body cells of that
organism
the female genotype in humans; there is a 50-50 chance of
having a female offspring because either an X sperm
(female) or Y sperm (male) could fertilize the egg
the male genotype in humans; there is a 50-50 chance of
having a female offspring because either an X sperm
(female) or Y sperm (male) could fertilize the egg
a picture of chromosomes taken during cell division
o in body cells, chromosomes form during mitosis
and come in pairs
o in gametes, chromosomes form during meiosis
and are not paired
geneticists and doctors can use this information to
determine whether or not an individual may have a
particular genetic disease or disorder
a genetic disorder in humans that is caused by having 3
copies of the #21 chromosome (Trisomy 21); this can
cause varying levels of mental and physical disability
a change in a gene or chromosome
a change in a gene; occurs in body cells and is not passed
onto the offspring (i.e. skin cancer)
a change in a chromosome; occurs during meiosis and is
passed onto the offspring (i.e. Down Syndrome)
a form of chromosome mutation where the chromosomes
do not separate properly during meiosis, and the resulting
offspring will have fewer or more chromosomes
the choosing of two individuals with desirable traits and
breeding them together in hopes that their offspring will
also have those desirable traits (i.e. purebred dogs and
cats)
short for biological technology, the manipulation (as
through genetic engineering) of living organisms or their
components to produce usefully, usually commercial,
products
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