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Chapter 15
The Nation Breaking Apart
1846-1861
Economic and Social Differences
• South – Controlled by a small number of
wealthy planters. The Economy is based
on agriculture. Cotton exports drive the
economy.
• Most southerners did not own slaves
and were poor. Slavery kept them off of
the bottom of society.
• There was very little industry in the
south.
Economic and Social Differences
• North – Cities with manufacturing
industries drive the northern economy.
• The east and north had vast amounts of
roads, canals,& railroads. Not so in the
south.
• Immigration from Europe led to growth in
cities and overall population
Economy of the South and North
• Agricultural South
•
Industrial North
The Compromise of 1850
• Conflict over whether the lands of the
Mexican Cession would be slave or free
led to the need for another compromise.
• The key points of Henry Clay’s plan:
• 1. To keep the north happy California would be admitted as a free
state, and the slave trade would end in Washington D.C..
• 2. The keep the south happy congress would allow the rest of the
won territory to decide for themselves whether to be slave or free. A
fugitive slave law would be passed requiring the return of all
escaped slaves.
Henry Clay
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
• An 1850 law that help recapture escaped
slaves.
• Northerner were required by law to aid in
the recapture, which was something many
opposed on moral grounds.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
• A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe
• The book is the fictional tale of Tom and
his life under three owners.
• It was very popular in the north
(abolitionist) and considered false and
negative in the south.
“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
Illusrates the evils of slavery
•
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Kansas – Nebraska Act
• Divided the Nebraska Territory into two territories
Nebraska and Kansas
• Allowed the people of the territories to decide
whether to be slave or free (popular
sovereignty).
• This would repeal the Missouri Compromise.
• The act was approved.
• Pro-free and Pro-slave groups enter the area to
influence the decision. The area was called
“BLEEDING KANSAS” because of the violence.
• Fighting ever occurred in the U.S. senate.
The Republican Party 1854
• Because of the Kansas and Nebraska act the
WHIG PARTY split.
• Northern WHIGS who opposed slavery, formed
the REPUBLICAN Party.
• Because of the problems in Kansas many
people in the north supported the new party.
• The 1856 election showed that the Republicans
had power although they did not win, they were
growing in support. The election also showed a
split in the nation over slavery.
Dred Scott Case
• Scott sued for his freedom because he
had live in area where slavery was illegal.
• Then he return to a slave area (Missouri)
• After he owners death he sued saying
because he had lived in a free area he
should be free.
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The Supreme Court decided the following:
1. Scott was not a citizen and could not sue in U.S. courts
2. When he was in free areas he was still the property of his owner
3. BIG ONE –The Chief Justice Roger B. Taney argued that the
Congress could not ban slavery in a territory. Because it
violated the property rights of slave holders.
Dred Scott
Lincoln and Douglas Debated
• A series of debated between Abraham
Lincoln and Stephen Douglas
• The debates are models for political
debate
• “ A house divided against itself cannot
stand” A. Lincoln
Lincoln and Douglas Debated
John Brown’s Raid
• John Brown leads a raid
on Harper’s Ferry
• Va. to capture Army
weapons to arm slaves.
• He is stopped and later
hung. He was a hero for
those opposed to slavery
and a villain to
southerners.
John Brown
The election of 1860
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Lincoln runs as the Republican candidate
Douglas “ “ “ N. Democratic “
Breckenridge “ “ S. Democratic “
Bell “ “ “
Union
“
• Lincoln was not on the ballot in the south, and if
he won southern states would likely secede.
• Lincoln wins!!!!!!! & Secession Begins!!!!!
The Confederate States of America
• In 1860 states began to leave the union
• 1860 Dec. South Carolina
• 1861 Miss., Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas
• Formed the Confederate States of
America
• With Jefferson Davis as President
• Efforts to compromise failed
Chapter 16
•
The Civil War begins 1861-1862
First shots at Fort Sumter
• April 12th 1861, Southern forces fire on
Fort Sumter off the coast of Charleston,
South Carolina.
• After 34 hours of shelling the Union forces
under Major Richard Anderson
surrendered the fort. No one was killed in
the attack.
Other states leave the Union
• Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, & North
Carolina
• Non seceding border states
• Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and
Missouri
Confederate General Robert E. Lee
• May 1861 he leaves the Union army to
serve his home state of Virginia.
• He was the commander of the Army of
Northern Virginia
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis
General Robert E. Lee
Compare North and South
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Northern population 22 million
(South had 9 million 3.5mil. were slaves)
North had 71% of all railroads
(South had 29% of all railroads)
North had 85% of manufacturing plants
(South had 15% of manufacturing plants)
North had 92% of industrial workers
(South had 8% of industrial workers)
Confederate (southern) Plan
• Defend southern lands and wait for the
north to accept southern independence.
• Use cotton exports to gain support in
Europe KING COTTON. Although Europe
did not wish to get involved
• Later the plan change to one of winning
big victories to destroy Union morale and
end the war.
Union (northern) Plan
• The Anaconda Plan- squeeze by ocean
blockade, capture of the Miss. River and
land invasion. The south would be
smothered economically no trade from
Europe and no supplies from other trade
sources. It would take a long time to
complete. Some wanted to win with
quicker more costly land battles.
The Anaconda Plan
1st Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
• Southern Victory
• Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard
• defeated Union General Irvin Mc Dowell
• The Northern troops were near victory
when a second wave of Southern troops
entered the battle sending the union boys
running in retreat. (first heard the REBEL
YELL!!!)
Who Fought the war??
• 2 million Northern Men and Boys
• 1million Southern Men and Boys
• The conditions were very bad, hygiene
was poor leading to illness and death.
Improved weapons led to increases in
numbers wounded and killed. The south
especially suffer from a lack of the most
basic medical and military supplies.
New Technologies of War
• The RIFLE replaced the musket. Shooting
long and more accurate distances.
• Iron Clad ships could take a pounding
with little or no damage examples –The
Monitor (Northern) and the
Merrimack(Southern) who battled off the
coast of Virginia 1862
The Battle of Shiloh
• Fought April 6th 1862, in Tennessee
between the Confederates under Gen.
Albert S. Johnston & the Union troops
under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.
• Both sides thought they could have a
victory, but Gen. Johnston was killed and
Grant brought in fresh troops to forces the
Confed. to retreat.
• UNION VICTORY FOR GRANT
Other Battles in 1862
• New Orleans is capture by the Union, April
25, 1862. But Confederate troops still
controlled the Miss. River by holding
Vicksburg, Miss.
• Southern General Lee defeat Union
General Mc Clellan at the Seven day’s
Battle on June 25th to July1, 1862.
• In August 1862 South wins 2nd battle at
Bull Run
Bloody Battle at Antietam
• Hoping to force peace Gen. Lee invaded
the north.
• Using captured battle plans McClellan
attacked Lee at Antietam Creek, 25,000
Americans were killed in one day of
fighting. Lee retreated but, McClellan did
not follow him. Lincoln fired McClellan for
not destroying Lee when he had the
chance.
Chapter 17
• The Tide of War Turns 1863-1865
Reminder of Union and
Confederate leaders
• U.S. President Abraham Lincoln
• U.S. General Ulysses S. Grant
• Confederate President Jefferson Davis
• Confederate General Robert E. Lee
Civil War leaders North and South:
U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, U.S. General Ulysses S. Grant &
Confederate President Jefferson Davis , Confederate General Robert E.
Lee
The Emancipation Proclamation
1863
• Many including Frederick Douglass had pushed
for Lincoln to free the slaves.
• He was slow to do so.
• But, to weaken the south, he took action after
Lee’s defeat at Antietam.
• He issues the Emancipation Proclamation on
January 1, 1863. Freeing all slaves in slave
territories, but not the border states this would
happen gradually.
The Emancipation Proclamation
1863
Reaction
• Some in the North were not in favor
• Abolitionist did not feel it when far enough
• Union soldiers were happy because it hurt
the south.
• The south was in a rage !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
African American Soldiers enlist
• For the first time African Americans enter
the war as soldiers. The were not treated
as equals.
• The 54th Massachusetts was formed
Southern Problems
• State’s Rights kept even the Confederate states
for being able to cooperate.
• People disliked law of Conscription (DRAFT) on
both sides. All able bodies men 18 to 45
• Economically the south had very high prices,
money with little value and people barely able to
survive.
• Milk $10.00 a quart, Eggs $6.00 a dozen
• And so on
Women in the War
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They worked as nurses
Spies
Some fought
Most work at home in the war effort.
Running farms and work in work related
industries
****Important****
The Battle of Gettysburg
• The Turning Point of the War!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Several loses led to several command changes for the Union.
• The Battle of Gettysburg July 1 – July 3 1863
• 90,000 Union troop fought 75,000 Confederate troops at Gettysburg
Penn.
• On July 3rd Lee order Gen. George Pickett to attack the Union
center with 13,000 men. Pickett’s Charge failed to brake the Union
line.
• Southern forces retreated with 28,000 men killed or wounded. The
winning Union army under Gen. George Mead had 23,000 killed or
wounded.
• THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF THE END FOR THE SOUTH
Pickett’s Charge
Siege of Vicksburg
• July 4, 1863 Gen. U.S. Grant defeated
Confederate forces and gained control of the
Miss. River.
• Grant had started his siege in May, and the
Confederates only surrendered when they were
totally out of supplies. No more food.
• Union controlled the ocean, Miss. River and
land. The Anaconda plan was successful
Siege of Vicksburg
Sherman’s TOTAL WAR
• Gen. Sherman pursues the confederates
pushing to the coast and up the southern
coast.
• Total War destroy all that would benefit
the south crops, train tracks, buildings etc
• Across Georgia a area 60miles by
300miles was totally destroyed
Election of 1864
• Lincoln defeated former Gen. George
Mc Clellan to win a second term.
• 55% present of the vote went to Lincoln
Grants Va. Campaign
• Battles –Wilderness, Cold Harbor, &
Petersburg
• Grant captured the Confederate Capitol at
Richmond Va. On April3 1864
Surrender at Appomattox
• April 9, 1865
• Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to U.S.
Gen. Grant at Appomattox Court House
Virginia.
• Grants terms of surrender were very
generous.
• WAR WAS ENDED!!
Treaty Signing at Appomattox Court
House Virginia.
Killed and Wounded
• 360,000 Union died
• 260,000 Confederate died
• 275,000 additional wounded Union
• 260,000 additional wounded Confederate
• 3,000,000,000 total Americans in service
Ending Slavery
• Because the Emancipation Proclamation
did not end slavery in all of America,
Congress was urged by Lincoln to END
SLAVERY
• The 13th Amendment was passed banning
slavery
Lincoln’s Assassination
• Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth
• At Ford’s Theatre five days after the
surrender.
Consequences of the War
• The Federal government was superior.
• Industry grew in the north because of
the war
• The south would have to be rebuilt
Chapter 18
•Reconstruction
Reconstruction
1865 - 1877
• Freedmen’s Bureau – A government
agency that provide help for freed slaves.
food, clothing, schools, hospitals in the
former confederacy
• Black Codes – restrictive law that limited
freedoms for former slaves in the south.
Amendments
• The 13th Amendment – amendment that
abolished slavery.
• The 14th Amendment – protected the
rights of U.S. Citizenship for blacks as
well as white.
• The 15th Amendment – guarantees the
right to vote for all male citizens
regardless of race