Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
CHAPTER 9 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT developmental psychology: the study of physical, mental, and social development thru out the lifespan the lifespan is from GENETICS genes: the biological blueprints that determine our hereditary traits EX: chromosomes contain all of our genes and are made of twisted strands of DNA of chromosomes autosomes: control physical and mental traits; sex chromosomes (or gametes): these determine your sex; XX- girl XY- boy father determines the sex of the child (can give X or Y chromosome and mothers can only give X) We can be homozygous or heterozygous for a certain gene if you are homozygous, both of your parents passed on the same info for a trait if you are heterozygous, your parents passed on different info for a trait Genes can be either dominant or recessive dominant genes: are strongly expressed when paired with another dominant gene or a recessive gene recessive genes: those genes that will be expressed only if paired with another recessive gene if paired with a dominant gene, the dominant one shows EX: Father mother homo/hetero = PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT 1) germinal or zygotic period: 1st 2 weeks 2) embryonic period: 3 – 8 wks attaches to the uterine wall this is the most critical time of pregnancy the embryo is very vulnerable when most miscarriages happen a lot of women don’t realize they are pregnant until after this time all organs and other major systems are being developed EX: receives everything it needs, such as water, oxygen, nutrients thru the can hear heartbeat protects the embryo from harmful agents that may be present in the mother’s blood teratogens: any harmful agent or substance that can cause a problem (complication, miscarriage, birth defect) most susceptible to teratogens during this period because drugs- miscarriage, low birth weight (5 ½ lbs or less at birth), premature birth (born before 36 wks), physical deformities alcohol- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, characterized by short nose, large forehead, deep-set eyes, thin or no upper lip, ears are lower set smoking- low birth weight, premature birth, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, SIDS by the end of 8 wks, the embryo is approximately 3) fetal period: 9 wks-birth main thing happening here is can move arms, legs, head, & mouth by end of mother feels it b/t can even suck their thumbs fetus is viable at is able to survive with help if born gains most of its weight during the last gain about a lb a wk during the last mo need extra weight to average weight when born is avg. height is the avg pregnancy lasts about considered premature if born before the 36th wk those most likely to experience premature birth 1. mothers exposed to teratogens 2. mothers who are young (teens) 3. lack of prenatal care Neonate: hearing, visual, smell, and touch are fully functioning used to think that newborns could not see, now we know that they can see, vision is not finely tuned, is blurry can see about 6-12 in away from their face, should be fully functioning by 1 year rooting reflex: if touch their cheek, will turn toward your hand and open mouth sucking reflex: touch their lips and start sucking grasping reflex: if touch palm, will grab finger ATTACHMENT attachment: an emotional bond b/t an infant and his caregivers (use the term caregivers because it is not always parents who care for the child) attachment is formed around 3 types of attachment 1) secure: caregiver is consistent; caregiver is warm and sensitive when responding to the infant’s physical and emotional needs the infant displays safe-base behavior, can comfortably put physical distance b/t themselves and their caregiver 2) insecure-avoidant: caregiver is neglectful or abusive; infant avoids them altogether 3) insecure-resistant: caregiver is inconsistent; infant may display behavior where they want comfort or attention from caregiver but then resists the attention or comfort PARENTING STYLES Diana Baumrind 1) authoritarian: parents have very strict rules, expect children to be obedient at all times have very strict punishment, but doesn’t go into abuse have low level of children are Ex: 2) permissive: have very few rules or no rules sometimes warm and indulging, letting the child do whatever they want low or no control and rare or no punishment Ex: children have 3) authoritative: have limits and rules set high yet realistic standards for children have high level of children are allowed to make some of their own decisions talk with their children about the rules and explain them children have more input because parents listen to them, children encouraged to talk about their feelings and problems children are Ex: COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Jean Piaget 1) Sensorimotor from use to understand the world pick up an object, it goes to their mouth, taste, feel, how the object looks main gain during this stage is object permanence: the understanding that an object still exists even if not seen is gained around 2) Preoperational from uses symbolic thinking to understand the world, use words, symbols, and images, mainly b/c of language dvlpmnt egocentric: understand things from their own perspective Ex: conservation: when something is the same even if its form is rearranged Ex: 3) Concrete Operational from begin to think more logically and more rationally can learn nonfiction and fiction, real and fake understand that certain cartoons are not real no more egocentrism, can understand from other points of view thinking and logic is limited to what they can see, feel, or have experienced 4) Formal Operational From can think in abstract way and hypothetically can view and think of other aspects of situations why you are given application problems on test can answer “if…then” questions that require more thought ADOLESCENCE Starts at puberty (about 12) to independence their bodies are developing and maturing sexually sex organs develop more, girls get breasts, etc. boys: girls: menarche : the beginning of the menstrual cycle usually about imaginary audience: think everyone is looking at them and judging them. EX: personal fable: think they are unique and invincible Ex: during this time, they depend on their peers for support, opinions, etc. but also still rely on parents more than most people think most people think that the relationship b/t adolescent and parent may be strained but the average teen gets along with their parents the level of conflict is highest ADULT DEVELOPMENT Relationships As we get older, our circle of friends gets smaller adults have to squeeze it into their schedule around work, their family, or any other obligations relationships b/t men and women are different women: EX: men: EX: most people marry someone that has the same research has shown that people are becoming involved in committed relationships and getting married later than before early 1800s, women were expected to marry by 16 or 17, if not they were called a spinster if they were not married by 19 considered old by then and parents worried if they would ever find someone who would marry someone so old the men who married these girls were usually 25 and up as time has gone, the age men and women are getting married has gone up 1960s- women were 20 and men were 23 by 1997- women were 25 and men 27 now the age is around 30 for each now the focus is on finishing college, having a career before marriage Parenthood tends to go down with the birth of the first child you have to adjust to your new role as a parent the time you have for yourself and for your partner goes down drastically creates a strain on the marital relationship Careers one population that has possible difficulties with careers are Late Adulthood and Aging when most think of older people, this picture comes to mind of someone who is very wrinkly, hunched over, poor health, living in a nursing home etc. the average older person is most elderly live during late adulthood, adults tend to focus much of their attention to looking back on their lives and compare it with how they actually lived Death and Dying people think about dying more during and seem to come to terms with dying by 5 stages of dying 1. denial: deny that they are going to die 2. anger: about dying 3. bargain: try to make a deal with God, their doctors 4. depressed: about their diagnosis 5. acceptance: accept the fact that they are going to die