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Global History and Geography Review Sheet: Belief Systems and Religions Spiconardi Belief Systems and Religion Polytheistic – belief in many gods Monotheistic – belief in one god Animism – belief that every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit Hinduism Developed from a collection of religious beliefs over a period of time No single founder Brahman – the universal unifying spirit. The goal in life is to achieve union with Brahman Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul in a new body allows people to continue on their journey toward union with Brahman Karma – the good and bad things you do affect your existence in your next life Dharma – the moral and religious duties that are expected of an individual. Your dharma is dependent upon your gender, class, age, and occupation Caste – social groups into which people are born and out of which they cannot move during a lifetime. Hindu Caste System Brahmins – priests Kshatriyas – warriors Vaisyas – farmers, merchants, artisans Sudras – servants Untouchables – bottom of social system Moksha – a state of perfect understanding of all things; liberation from desires and suffering Buddhism Founded by a prince named Siddhartha Gautma Siddhartha was a Hindu He left his palace after the birth of his son to search for the meaning of human suffering After 49 days he found the answer to this question, while meditating under a tree He then became known as Buddha or enlightened one The Four Noble Truths All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire Eightfold Path Following the Eightfold Path will enable you to reach nirvana Nirvana – union with the universe and release from the cycle of death and rebirth (Buddhist believe in reincarnation like Hindus, but reject the caste system) Confucianism Founded by Chinese philosopher Confucius All proper relationships have a superior and inferior Confucius’ Five Key Relationships Ruler – Subject Father – Son Husband – Wife Older Brother – Younger Brother Friend – Friend Filial Piety – respect for parents and elders Following the Five Relationships and practicing filial piety would bring social order and harmony to China. Individuals should know and do what is expected of them Judaism o Monotheistic religion o Sacred scripture is called the Torah Ten Commandments dictate the morality and behavior Covenant – agreements made between the Hebrews and God 1 Global History and Geography Review Sheet: Belief Systems and Religions Spiconardi Spread of Judaism Romans expelled Jews from Palestine in 135 AD This leads to a diaspora, or scattering of people Christianity Founded by Jesus Christ Christ is believed to be the God’s son and the Messiah or savior sent from God Teachings of Christ Compassion for poor and helpless Equality of people before God Love your neighbor and your enemy Most popular religion in the world today; over 2 billion followers Sacred text is the Bible Old Testament – prophetic writing, laws, details of God and the Jews New Testament – about life and teachings of Christ Spread of Christianity St. Paul and the apostles Rome makes it the official religion of the empire European exploration in 1400s Islam Founded in 622 AD by Muhammad Five Pillars of Islam Faith – “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” Prayer – Every Muslim must prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca Alms – giving charity Fasting – no food or drink from sunrise to sunset during holy month of Ramadan Hajj – every able-bodied Muslim must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime Fastest growing religion in the world today; over 1 billion followers Sacred text is the Qur’an Two sects of Islam Sunni Shi’a Spread of Islam Trade Military conquest and invasion Southeast Asia, Middle East, Southern Spain Shintoism Japanese religion that means “way of the gods” Kami – spirit that is found in all living and nonliving things Stress on the beauty of nature REGENTS: Likes to ask how Shintoism and Animism are similar Spirits in nature Zoroastrianism Dualistic religion Good vs. Evil (Truth vs. Lies) Heavily influenced Christianity Persian religion 2
