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Chapter 13 European Middle Ages, 500–1200 Charlemagne unites the Germanic kingdoms, the feudal system emerges, and the Church strongly influences the lives of people in Europe. Section 1: Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire are reunited under Charlemagne’s empire. Invasions of Western Europe Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare • Germanic invaders overrun __________________________in 400s • Fighting disrupts _______and _________________; people abandon ____________ • Marks the beginning of the Middle Ages—__________________________________ The Decline of Learning • As cities are abandoned, level of ___________________ declines • Knowledge of _______________ language and ____________ is almost completely ______ Loss of a Common Language • Introduction of ___________ language changes ___________; ________________ develop Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Years of Upheaval Between 400 and 600 • ________________ kingdoms replace ________________________________ • Continual _____________ change _________________ between kingdoms • The ________________ provides order and __________________________ The Concept of Government Changes • Germans held together by _________________and loyalty, ______ government • Small communities are governed by ___________________________________ • ___________________________ pledge loyalty to their chief; _________ in lord’s hall Clovis Rules the Franks • Germanic people called ______________hold power in Roman province of __________ • Clovis, _________________________, converts to _____________________ in 496 • Leads warriors against other Germanic armies • _________________ Franks into one kingdom with _______________________by 511 Germans Adopt Christianity How the Church Spread • Frankish rulers _______________Germanic peoples to ________________________ • ______________________ travel to convert _______________ and ___________ groups Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts • Church builds monasteries—________________________________________________ • Italian monk, _______________________, writes rules that govern monastic life • His sister, _______________________ adapts rules for nuns living in convents • Monks establish _________________, preserve learning through ___________________ Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I • In 590, Gregory I, also called_______________________, becomes _____________ • Under Gregory, _____________ becomes secular—___________________________ • Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman ______________________ • Uses Church money to raise ___________, care for ________, negotiate treaties • Establishes a Christendom—__________________________ fanning out from Rome An Empire Evolves Europe’s Kingdoms • The _______________ control largest and strongest of Europe’s many kingdoms • By 511, Frankish rule extends over what is now ________________ Charles Martel Emerges • Most powerful official in kingdom is major domo—___________________________ • In 719, major domo _______________________becomes more powerful than king • Defeats ________________ from Spain at Tours in 732; becomes a Christian hero • Son, ____________, begins Carolingian Dynasty—family that ruled ____________ Charlemagne Becomes Emperor From Pepin to Charlemagne • Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to _______ sons; in 771 one son __________ • Second son, ________________________ (Charles the Great), rules kingdom Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule • Charlemagne’s armies _____________western Europe, spread _____________________ • In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to _________________________________from mobs • Pope _____________Charlemagne emperor; gives him title, “________________________” • Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined together Charlemagne Leads a Revival • Charlemagne ____________ nobles’ power by governing through ____________________ • Encourages __________________ and orders monasteries to open __________________ Charlemagne’s Heirs • Charlemagne dies in 814; his son, ____________________________, rules poorly • Louis’s three grandsons _________________ for control of empire • In 843 they ______________empire into three kingdoms; sign ________________________ Section 2: Feudalism in Europe Feudalism, a ______________________________based on ______________________and protective alliances, emerges in Europe. Invaders Attack Western Europe The Vikings Invade from the North • Warlike _______________ raid Europe from Scandinavia—___________, Norway, Sweden • Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inland • Eventually, many Vikings adopt _____________________and become farmers Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South • __________________ (Hungarian nomads) ______________ western Europe in late 800s • _________________ strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain • Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause__________________________, suffering A New Social Order: Feudalism Feudalism Structures Society • 850 to 950, __________________ emerges—political system based on land control • A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (__________________) in exchange for _____________ • Vassals—____________________________________—become powerful landholders The Feudal Pyramid • Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with ___________at the top • Kings served by ____________ who are served by ___________; peasants at ___________ • Knights—________________—____________ their lord’s land in exchange for _________ Social Classes Are Well Defined • Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups - those who fight: ______________________________________________ - those who pray: ______________________________________________ - those who work: ____________________________ • Social class is usually _____________________; majority of people are ________________ • Most peasants are serfs—people lawfully bound to ______________________________ • Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce ___________________to their lord Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism The Lord’s Estate • The lord’s ______________, a manor, has an economic system (manor system) • Serfs and free peasants ________________ the lord’s estate, give ____________ • The lord provides ______________, _________________, ________________ from bandits A Self-Contained World • Medieval manors include lord’s _______________________________________________ • Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self-sufficient The Harshness of Manor Life • Peasants pay ____________ to use mill and bakery; pay a __________ to priest • Tithe—______________—is equal to ______________________of a peasant’s income • Serfs live in crowded cottages with _______floors, _____________for beds • Daily grind of raising ____________, livestock; feeding and clothing family • Poor diet, _________________, malnutrition make life expectancy _______ years • Serfs generally accept their lives as part of ___________________________ Section 3: The Age of Chivalry The code of chivalry for knights glorifies combat and romantic love. Knights: Warriors on Horseback The Technology of Warfare Changes • Leather ____________ and ________________ enable knights to handle heavy weapons • In 700s, mounted knights become ____________________________________________ The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society • By 1000s, western Europe is a _________________________of warring nobles • Feudal lords raise _____________________________of knights • Knights rewarded with________________; provides income needed for weapons • Knights’ other activities help ______________ them for combat Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry The Code of Chivalry • By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry—_________________________________ • They are to protect____________________; serve_____________, ______, chosen lady A Knight’s Training • Boys begin to train for knighthood at age ______; usually knighted at _________ • Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments—________________________ Brutal Reality of Warfare • Castles are huge ______________________ where lords live • ____________________________use wide range of strategies and weapons The Literature of Chivalry Epic Poetry • Epic poems recount a _______________________________________________ • The Song of Roland is about ___________________________________________ Muslims Love Poems and Songs • Knights’ duties to _____________ are as important as those to their ___________ • Troubadours—__________________________________—write and sing short verses • Most celebrated woman of the age is _________________________________(1122–1204) • Eleanor’s son, _________________________________, also wrote songs and poems Women’s Role in Feudal Society Status of Women • According to the ________________and feudal society, women are _____________to men Noblewomen • Can inherit ____________, defend ____________, send knights to ______ on lord’s request • Usually confined to activities of the _____________ or __________________ Peasant Women • Most labor in home and field, __________________________, provide for family • ______________, ___________________________, do household tasks at young age Section 4: The Power of the Church Church leaders and political leaders compete for power and authority. The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church The Structure of the Church • Power within Church is organized by status; _____________ is supreme authority • Clergy—__________________—includes______________, ____________, and others • Bishops ________________ priests, _____________ Church disputes Religion as a Unifying Force • Religion important in Middle Ages; ______________________________ people • Clergy administers the sacraments—______________________________________ • Village church is ___________________________and celebration The Law of the Church • The Church has system of __________________ to guide people’s conduct • All medieval Christians expected to obey ____________________—Church law • Canon law governs ________________________ and __________________ practices • Popes have ___________ over political leaders through threat of • - _________________________________—banishment from Church, denial of salvation - ___________________________—king’s subjects denied sacraments and services Kings and emperors expected to ___________ pope’s commands The Church and the Holy Roman Empire Otto I Allies with the Church • Otto I (_______________________) is crowned king of ___________________ in 936 • __________________ strength of nobles with help of clergy • Gains support of bishops and __________________ (heads of monasteries) • Invades ____________ on pope’s behalf; pope crowns him _________________in 962 Signs of Future Conflicts • Otto’s German-Italian lands become ___________________________________ • Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European power until about ____________ The Emperor Clashes with the Pope Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII • Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—_____________________________________ • Henry IV orders pope to ______________; Gregory VII _______________________ Henry Showdown at Canossa • Henry goes to Canossa, Italy, to ____________Gregory for forgiveness • Gregory forgives Henry, but lay investiture problem is _________ _____________ Concordat of Worms • ____________________________________ is 1122 compromise in Worms, Germany • Compromise:__________________________________, emperor can veto appointment Disorder in the Empire The Reign of Frederick I • In 1152, ____________________________becomes king; dominates German princes • ________________________ breaks out whenever he leaves Germany • Frederick invades_____________________, meets defeat at Legnano in 1176 • Empire _______________________after Frederick’s death in 1190 German States Remain Separate • German kings after Frederick try to ____________________empire • German princes, who elect kings, prefer to keep them weak