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Mr. Billante Astronomy 2011-12 Astronomy: Study Guide – Final Exam I. Chapter 1: Introduction to Astronomy a. What is Astronomy? b. Where are we in the Universe? c. Difficulties Studying Astronomy d. Scientific Method e. Theories f. S. I. System g. Metric Prefixes h. Conversion Factors i. Scientific Notation j. Astronomical Units (AU) k. When is Now? l. History of the Universe m. Why Study Astronomy II. Chapter 2: Origins of Astronomy a. Archaeoastronomy b. Greek Astronomy i. Plato ii. Eudoxus iii. Aristotle iv. Eratosthenes v. Ptolemy c. Uniform Circular Motion i. Centripetal Acceleration ii. Circular Speed d. Copernicus e. Tycho Brahe f. Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion i. Kepler’s 3rd law equation g. Galileo i. Discoveries ii. Dialogo and Trial h. Modern Astronomy III. Chapter 3: Newton and Forces a. Isaac Newton and his discoveries b. Newton and Galileo c. Newton’s Laws of Motion i. First Law (Law of Inertia) ii. Second Law (F = ma) iii. Third Law (Action-Reaction Pairs) d. Weight e. Fundamental Forces in Nature f. Universal Gravitation i. Equation ii. Inverse Square Law g. Acceleration due to Gravity on a Planet (g) i. Acceleration due to gravity away from the surface(g/) h. Orbital Velocity i. Escape Velocity j. Satellites i. Equations (3) k. Newton’s Version of Kepler’s 3rd Law l. Microgravity m. Einstein’s Theory of Gravity i. Special Relativity ii. General Relativity IV. Chapter 4: The Night Sky a. Movement of the Night Sky b. Stars i. Naming them ii. Favorite Stars c. Brightness of Stars d. Magnitude Scale e. Apparent Visual Magnitude f. Flux and Intensity g. Magnitude and Intensity of star light i. Equations (2) h. The Celestial Sphere i. Angular Distance i. Arc Minutes ii. Arc Seconds j. Precession of the Earth k. Cycles of the Sun l. The Seasons i. Equinoxes ii. Solstices m. Motion of the Planets n. Influences on the Earth’s climate i. Milankovitch Hypothesis V. Chapter 5: The Sun and Stars a. Atoms and Star Light b. The Current Model of the Atom c. The Solar Atmosphere d. Energy from the Sun e. Matter to Energy i. E = mc2 f. Nuclear Fusion in the Sun g. Sun Spots and Electromagnetic Waves h. Measuring the Distance to Stars i. Triangulation ii. Distance Formula: d = 1/p iii. Parsecs (pc) i. Brightness and Distance of Stars i. Absolute Magnitide ii. Formulas (2) 1. mv – Mv = -5 + 5log(d) 2. d = 10(mv –Mv +5)/5 j. Life Cycle of Stars k. H-R Diagram l. Giants, Super Giants and Dwarfs FINAL EXAM