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Scientists
4(B) research and describe the contributions of
scientists to our changing understanding of
astronomy, including Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho
Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, Neawton, Einstein, and
Hubble, and the contribution of women
astronaomers, including Maria Mitchell and
Henrietta Swan Leavitt;
Tycho Brahe
Maria Mitchell
Created precise
astronomical and made
many important
observations
Discovered Miss
Mitchell’s Comet
Galileo Galilei
Henrietta Swan
Leavitt
Moved Astronomy from
a faith based system to
an observation based
system and made many
Famous for determining
a mathematical
relationship between
the luminosity
important observations
with telescopes which
he improved (did not
invent the telescope).
(brightness) of certain
stars and their speed of
pulsing.
Albert Einstein
Kepler
3 laws of planetary
motion (elliptical orbits).
Sir Isaac Newton
Famous for discovering
gravity and many laws of
physics
(1879-1955) Famous for
his theory of relativity
(time & mass change
depending on speed).
Edwin Hubble
(1889-1953) famous for
his work with
extragalactic astronomy.
Discovered that the
universe is expanding.
Steven Hawking
(1942 - present)
Theoretical physicist
that works on how the
universe forms and
black holes.
Civilizations
4(A) research and describe the use of astronomy in
ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Mayans,
Aztecs, Europeans, and the native Americans;
Stars determined
pyramid & temple
placement. /Calendar
determined dates of
religious events and
predicted floods.
/Ptolemy – Adv.
Epicycles; Planets & star
locations
Egyptians
Movement of
stars&planets =
movement of Gods.
/Stars positions
determined event dates.
/ Sun turns into Jaguar
at night./ Venus is
associated with War/
Stars help with
agriculture (seasons)/
Observatory @
Xochicalco/ 2 Calendar
System/Caracol Temple
Mayans
Templo Mayor
/2 calendar system
determined place &
location of rituals./
Sacrifice needed to keep
sun on path
Aztecs
Goseck Henge
Stone Henge
Nebra Sky Disc
No writing =(
Europeans
Antikythera mechanism/
Nested Spheres/
Hipparchus – Epicycles/
Philosophical Astronomy
Aristarchus –
Heliocentric (no one
believed him)
Greeks
Hunters&gatherers/
Anasazi - Sun Dagger/
Pueblo – Knotted Cord
Calendar & Sun Tower/
Bighorn Medicine Wheel
– newer, but
representative of older
ones./
Native Americans
Constellations
5(C) recognize and identify constellations such as Ursa
Major, Ursa Minor, Orion, Cassiopeia, and
constellations of the zodiac.
4(C) describe and explain the historical origins of the
perceived patterns of constellations and the role of
constellations in ancient and modern navigation; and
Modern Astronomy
4(D) explain the contributions of modern astronomy to
today's society, including the identification of potential
asteroid/comet impact hazards and the Sun's effects on
communication, navigation, and high-tech devices.