Download vii. the women`s movement

EOC Review Packet
I. THE NEW NATION
A. GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS THE FIRST PRESIDENT
B. The biggest problem to face our nation was COULD WE ENFORCE OUR OWN LAWS?
When Washington was able to PUT DOWN THE WHISKEY REBELLION we proved that we
could make people obey our new laws.
C. The first political party formed called the DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS.
1. Led by THOMAS JEFFERSON AND JAMES MADISON
2. Had a STRICT INTERPRETATION of the Constitution
3. Were pro-French
4. NO NATIONAL BANK
5. Small farmers and plantation owners
D. The FEDERALISTS were the other group
1. Led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton
2. Had a LOOSE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION
3. Were pro- British
4. Wanted a NATIONAL BANK—part of HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL PLAN
5. Northern businessmen
E. During this time Americans continued to fight with Native Americans over LAND OWNERSHIP.
F. To prevent the Democratic-Republicans from speaking out against them, the Federalists
passed the ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS – saying they could deport foreigners and imprison anyone
who spoke badly about the government.
G. The Democratic Republicans answered with the KENTUCKY AND VIRGINIA
RESOLUTIONS, which said that people, through STATES RIGHTS, could declare laws
unconstitutional.
H. The ELECTION OF 1800 between Jefferson and Adams, showed THAT POWER COULD
PASS PEACEFULLY FROM ONE PARTY TO ANOTHER.
I. Right before he left office, Adams stacked the Supreme Court with Federalist judges, called
the MIDNIGHT JUDGES. This meant that the Federalists would control the supreme court for as long
as the judges lived.
J. The right of those judges to serve was challenged in the case of MARBURY V.
MADISON. The case was significant because it set up the power of JUDICIAL REVIEW
– THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT TO DECLARE A LAW UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
II. JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY
A. During Jefferson’s Presidency, we almost doubled the size of our nation by BUYING THE
LOUISANA PURCHASE TERRITORY FROM FRANCE.
B. THE WAR OF 1812 was a second war between the British and the Americans. ANDREW JACKSON
became famous in this war. The last battle of the war was the BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, but it
was eventually unimportant because THE PEACE TREATY HAD ALREADY BEEN SIGNED.
C. HENRY CLAY’S AMERICAN SYSTEM helped build roads, bridges and canals, to improve our
nation’s infrastructure. It also created a NATIONAL BANK.
D. The constitutionality of the national bank was challenged in court. The Supreme Court said in the case
of MC CULLOCH V. MARYLAND that the government could create a national bank, because
Congress had certain IMPLIED POWERS – POWERS NOT SPECIFICALLY STATED IN THE
CONSTITUTION.
III. MOVEMENT WEST AND EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY
A. A problem came as new states wanted admission to the union. Should they be slave or free. The
MISSOURI COMPROMISE, which said that in the Louisiana Purchase territory, STATES ABOVE
THE 36’30 PARALLEL WOULD BE FREE AND STATES BELOW THAT WOULD BE SLAVE.
B. The MONROE DOCTRINE said that Europe should stay out of the western hemisphere. This
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established the Western Hemisphere as America’s sphere of influence.
C. ELI WHITNEY helped INCREASE THE NEED FOR SLAVES by inventing the COTTON GIN
which made cotton production easier. He also invented a system of INTERCHANGABLE PARTS.
IV. THE JACKSONIAN ERA
A. Andrew Jackson began the Jacksonian Era by beginning the DEMOCRATIC PARTY, THE PARTY
OF THE COMMON MAN. Jackson loved the SPOILS SYSTEM and HATED THE NATIONAL
BANK. He vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the US.
B. JOHN C. CALHOUN challenged the Tariff of 1828 by saying that a state could NULLIFY (OR
DECLARE SOMETHING NOT A LAW) if the law went against the desires of the state. Calhoun said
South Carolina didn’t have to pay the Tariff. Jackson made South Carolina pay.
C. Under Jackson thousands of Native Americans were relocated from Georgia to what is now Oklahoma
to please Georgia farmers. This relocation was called the TRAIL OF TEARS. When the Native
Americans took the case to the Supreme Court they were told they were told they did not have to move.
JACKSON REFUSED TO CARRY OUT HIS DUTIES AS CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND GIVE THE
NATIVE AMERICANS THEIR LAND BACK.
V. REFORM MOVEMENTS
A. In the 1830’s and 1840’s there were a series of reform movements sweeping the country,
B. The Second Great Awakening was a religious movement where new religions developed. These new
religions spread the belief that PEOPLE COULD BE SAVED BY THEIR CHOICES.
C. TRANCENDENTALISM helped spread the belief that people have the power to make their future.
HENRY DAVID THOREAU AND RALPH WALDO EMERSON WERE
TRANSCENDENTALISTS. THOREAU ALSO ARGUED THAT ONE COULD USE NONVIOLENT PROTEST TO ACHIEVE ONE’S GOALS. THOREAU WOULDN’T PAY TAXES
BECAUSE THEY WENT TO PAY FOR THE MEXICAN WAR WHICH HE BELIEVED WAS
BEING FOUGHT TO SPREAD SLAVERY.
D. The goal of the TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT was to BAN ALCOHOL. MIDDLE CLASS
WOMEN participated in this movement.
E. DOROTHEA DIX started a movement to help the MENTALLY ILL.
F. HORACE MANN began a movement to require MANDATORY PUBLIC EDUCATION IN THE
STATES.
G. UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES like BROOK FARM & NEW HARMONY were intended to create
PERFECT COMMUNITIES.
VI. THE ABOLITION MOVEMENT
A. The ABOLITION MOVEMENT was the movement to ABOLISH SLAVERY.
B. People had DIFFERENT IDEAS about how to abolish slavery.
C. COLONIZATION was one plan. The plan was to SEND SLAVES BACK TO AFRICA. Many
African Americans didn’t like this plan.
D. IMMEDIATE ABOLITION (END TO SLAVERY) was another plan. WILLIAM LLOYD
GARRISON and FREDERICK DOUGLASS were proponents of this plan.
E. GRADUAL ABOLITION was another plan.
F. There was a lot of tension among abolitionists because they disagreed about which plan would work
best. The biggest problem among abolitionists however, was not what to do about slavery but whether
to ALLOW WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN ANTI-SLAVERY DISCUSSIONS. Many women
sympathized with slaves because LIKE SLAVES, WOMEN DIDN’T HAVE MANY RIGHTS.
G. There was resistance to abolition in both the north and the south, but many people found ways of
getting around this resistance. HARRIET TUBMAN was a CONDUCTOR ON THE
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD a series of secret hiding places from the south to the north and into
CANADA.
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VII. THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
A. THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT PARALLELED THE ABOLITION MOVEMENT. Many
women who worked for women's rights also participated in the anti-slavery movement.
B. In 1848 at SENECA FALLS, NY women met and drafted the DECLARATION OF SENTIMENTS
which protested a lack of legal and political rights for women. LUCRETIA MOTT AND
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON were major players in the early women's movement.
VIII. TERRITORIAL EXPANSION FROM 1830 - 1860
A. In 1845 John O'Sullivan came up with the phrase MANIFEST DESTINY to describe AMERICA'S
SUPPOSEDLY GOD GIVEN MISSION TO SPREAD ACCROSS THE ENTIRE CONTINENTAL
UNITED STATES.
B. As our population grew people began to move west. Just having won its independence from Spain,
Mexico, especially the under populated northern parts (WHAT IS NOW TEXAS) was attractive to many
Americans. When Mexico offered settlers perks like free land and no taxes, Americans began to move
there.
1. The first group of settlers were led by Steven Austin. By 1835 30,000 Americans lived in Texas.
Mexico however, OUTLAWED SLAVERY, which angered many settlers. SETTLERS
DECLARED INDEPENDENCE FROM MEXICO causing a fight with Mexico. Although
they suffered losses at the ALAMO the settlers rallied and captured Mexican dictator SANTA
ANNA who agreed to their independence. Upon his return to Mexico City, he said TEXAS
WASN'T REALLY INDEPENDET.
2. TEXAS APPLIED TO BE A STATE IN THE US BUT THE PETITION WAS REJECTED
BECAUSE IT WOULD BE ANOTHER SLAVE STATE. Texas was eventually ANNEXED,
causing tension with Mexico.
C. The tension with Mexico over Texas would help cause the MEXICAN WAR (1846 - 1848). Many antislavery advocates didn't like the war because they believed it was being fought TO SPREAD SLAVERY.
THE US WON THE MEXICAN WAR. And in the peace treaty called the TREATY OF
GUADELUPE -HIDALGO we agreed that:
1. The RIO GRANDE WAS THE US / MEXICO BORDER
2. THE US WOULD BUY CALIFORNIA AND NEW MEXICO
D. THE MEXICAN WAR REOPENED THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY AND WAS A MAJOR CAUSE
OF THE CIVIL WAR.
E. At the same time the US settled a boundary dispute peacefully with Britain, SETTING THE US /
CANADA BORDER AT THE 49TH PARALLEL IN THE OREGON TERRITORY.
IX. PRELUDE TO THE CIVIL WAR
A. Prior to the Civil War the North and South were very different. The NORTH HAD MORE
FACTORIES, MORE PEOPLE, BETTER RESOURCES and the SOUTH HAD MORE SLAVES
AND MORE PLANTATIONS.
B. Tensions over slavery grew and were further heightened by HARRIET BEECHER STOWE'S BOOK
UNCLE TOM'S CABIN which condemned slavery.
C. One of the biggest causes of tension was WHAT TO DO ABOUT SLAVERY IN THE NEW
TERRITORIES FROM THE MEXICAN WAR. The Missouri Compromise was only about slavery in
the Louisiana Purchase territory. Both the North and South wanted to PRESERVE THE BALLANCE
OF POWER in Congress so they came up with the COMPROMISE OF 1850 which said:
1. CALIFORNIA WOULD BE A FREE STATE
2. NEW MEXICO AND UTAH WOULD CHOOSE FOR THEMSELVES ABOUT SLAVERY
3. SALE OF SLAVES IS OUTLAWED IN D.C.
4. (FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT) ALL CITIZENS MUST ASSIST IN THE CAPTURE AND
RETURN OF RUNAWAY SLAVES.
D. The Compromise of 1850 didn't solve any problems. It just made northerners mad that they had to
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participate in slavery through the fugitive slave law and made southerners mad that slavery would be
restricted.
E. The KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT which IGNORED THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE AND SAID
THAT CITIZENS OF KANSAS AND NEBRASKA COULD VOTE FOR OR AGAINST
SLAVERY made things worse. The act spawned VIOLENCE over slavery - some of which was caused
by JOHN BROWN who MURDERED PRO SLAVERY PEOPLE - giving Kansas the name
BLEEDING KANSAS.
F. After the Kansas-Nebraska Act, a new political party called the REPUBLICANS developed around the
IDEA THAT SLAVERY SHOULD NOT EXPAND OUTSIDE OF THE SOUTH. A young new
Republican from Illinois, ABRAHAM LINCOLN became well known through a series of DEBATES
ABOUT POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY, known as the LINCOLN DOUGLAS DEBATES.
G. Tensions mounted with the SUPREME COURT CASE of DRED SCOTT v. SANFORD where a slave
taken to an anti-slavery state sued for his freedom. The Court SAID THAT SLAVES ARE
PROPERTY AND HAVE NO RIGHTS AS CITIZENS. This in effect said that SLAVERY
COULDN'T BE BANNED ANYWHERE.
X. THE CIVIL WAR
A. The Civil War really started with the ELECTION OF 1860. It was the FIRST TIME IN OUR
NATION'S HISTORY THAT A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE REFUSED TO ACCEPT THE
OUTCOME OF AN ELECTION.
B. The REPUBLICAN candidate ABRAHAM LINCOLN WON THE ELECTION because he had a
majority of the electoral vote. But none of the South voted for him.
C. Because of the election SOUTH CAROLINA SECEEDED (OR LEFT) the United States (or the
UNION) and formed, with other states in the lower south, THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF
AMERICA with JEFFERSON DAVIS as their President.
D. The first shots of the war were fired at FT. SUMTER, SC, a federal fort which the Confederate States
would not allow to be re-supplied by the Union. After Ft. Sumter, four other southern states joined the
confederacy.
E. The only slave owning states to remain in the Union were BORDER STATES OF KY, WV (which was
formed when Virginia seceded), MD, AND DE. The Union needed these states as a BUFFER
AGAINST THE SOUTH. This is why early in the war Lincoln stated that PRESERVING THE
UNION WAS HIS MAIN WAR GOAL, not freeing slaves.
F. The first major battle was the BATTLE OF MANASSAS OR THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN.
G. The strategy of the North was called the ANACONDA PLAN, which was to cut the Confederacy in
two by TAKING THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER and then squeeze it. The BATTLE OF VICKSBURG
was important because it signaled that the NORTH HAD CUT THE CONFEDERACY IN HALF.
H. ROBERT E. LEE WAS THE GENERAL FOR THE SOUTH. THE NORTH WON THE WAR
AND LEE SURRENDERED TO UNION GENERAL ULYSEES S. GRANT AT APPOMATTOX
COURT HOUSE, VA.
I. After a major battle at ANTIETAM, President Lincoln issues the EMANCIPATION
PROCLAMATION, which FREED SLAVES IN THE REBELLING TERRITORIES ONLY. While it
did not do much practically, it changed the ideas and sentiments behind why the North was fighting.
J. Out of the war came THREE IMPORTANT AMMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION:
1. THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT: FREED THE SLAVES
2. FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT: SLAVES ARE CITIZENS
3. FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT: FORMER SLAVES CAN VOTE
XI. RECONSTRUCTION
A. RECONSTRUCTION IS THE NAME FOR THE PERIOD RIGHT AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. It
is when the North and South came back together and the South rebuilt.
B. There were several plans for how to bring the South back into the Union.
1. LINCOLN'S PLAN: WOULD MAKE IT EASY FOR SOUTHERN STATES TO RETURN
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TO THE UNION. This didn't happen because LINCOLN WAS SHOT.
2. JOHNSON'S PLAN: ANDREW JOHNSON WAS LINCOLN'S VICE PRESIDENT, HE
BECAME PRESIDENT WHEN LINCOLN WAS SHOT. His plan was similar to Lincoln's.
3. WADE -DAVIS BILL (RADICAL REPUBLICAN'S PLAN): This was the plan of the antiSouth Republicans in Congress. It MADE IT VERY DIFFICULT FOR SOUTHERN STATES
TO REJOIN THE UNION. It also implemented MILLITARY RECONSTRUCTION where
the South was divided into military districts to be overseen by the federal government.
C. In order to help freed slaves the government set up the FREEDMAN'S BUREAU, AN
ORGANIZATION THAT PROVIDED EDUCATION, TEMPORARY SHELTER AND FOOD TO
RECENTLY FREED SLAVES. CARPETBAGGERS were white northerners who came south to work
in organizations like the Freedman's Bureau.
D. Reconstruction ended in 1876 with THE COMPROMISE OF 1877, a compromise created to elect the
President that removed much of the military governors from the South. In addition, many Northerners had
simply lost interest in Reconstruction at that point and were focused on the economy.
XII. THE WEST
A. People began traveling West in large numbers shortly after the Civil War. The were looking for cheap
land, new opportunities and gold. This caused a number of conflicts with Native Americans whose land
shrunk and shrunk as whites moved west. By the 1900's the frontier had virtually been conquered, and
many Native Americans were forced to live on RESERVATIONS. Since Native American land had
been acquired the new goal of the government was ASSIMILATION or MAKING NATIVE
AMERICANS LIKE WHITES. The government did this by forcing Native Americans to farm, forcibly
taking their children to white boarding schools, etc... The DAWES SEVERALTY ACT was one such
assimilation program. It:
1. BROKE UP TRIBAL LANDS
2. BROKE UP INDIAN TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONS
3. SOLD THE BEST LAND FROM THE RESERVATIONS TO WHITES.
B. THE HOMESTEAD ACT GAVE CHEAP OR FREE LAND ON THE GREAT PLAINS TO
ANYONE WHO WOULD IMPROVE IT IN FIVE YEARS. THIS HELPED SETTLE THE
GREAT PLAINS.
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