Download The Cardiovascular System The Heart

Chapter
21
The
Cardiovascular
System — The
Heart
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
The blood must stay in motion to maintain
homeostasis.
 The heart keeps blood moving.
The volume of blood pumped by the heart can
vary widely, between 5 and 30 liters per
minute.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Cardiovascular System
The heart is a small organ; your heart is roughly the
size of your clenched fist.
Two closed circuits:
 Pulmonary circuit carries carbon dioxide—rich blood
from the heart to the lungs and back
 Systemic circuit transports oxygen-rich blood from the
heart to the rest of the body and back
The heart has four muscular chambers:
 Right and left atria collect blood returning to heart
 Right and left ventricles discharge blood into vessels to
leave the heart
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Cardiovascular System
Figure 21.1 A Generalized View of the Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pericardium
 The pericardium is the serous membrane
lining the pericardial cavity, which
surrounds the heart
 Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers the
heart’s outer surface
 Parietal pericardium lines the inner surface of the
pericardial sac
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pericardium
Figure 21.2a Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity: (a) Anterior View of Chest
Cavity
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pericardium
Figure 21.2b Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity: (b) Anterior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pericardium
Figure 21.2c Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity: (c) Diagrammatic
Horizontal Section, Superior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Pericardium
Figure 21.2d Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity: (d) Horizontal Section,
Superior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Structure of the Heart Wall
Three distinct layers:
 Epicardium — covers the outside of the heart
 Myocardium — cardiac muscle
 Endocardium — lines the inside of the heart
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Structure of the Heart Wall
Figure 21.3 a, b, c Histological Organization of Muscle Tissue in the Heart Wall
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Structure of the Heart Wall
Figure 21.3 d, e Histological Organization of Muscle Tissue in the Heart Wall
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
 The heart lies slightly to the left of the midline.
 The heart sits at an oblique angle to the
longitudinal axis of the body.
 The heart is rotated slightly toward the left.
 The heart has external sulci that mark internal
boundaries.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Figure 21.4 Position and Orientation of the Heart
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Figure 21.5a Superficial Anatomy of the Heart: (a) Anterior (Sternocostal) Surface
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart
Figure 21.5b Superficial Anatomy of the Heart: (b) Posterior (Diaphragmatic) Surface
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
 Pulmonary circuit
 Right atrium
 Tricuspid valve
 Right ventricle
 Pulmonary valve
 Pulmonary trunk
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
 Systemic circuit
 Left atrium
 Mitral valve
 Left ventricle
 Aortic valve
 Aorta
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.6a Sectional Anatomy of the Heart: (a) Frontal Section, Anterior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.6b Sectional Anatomy of the Heart: (b) Interior View, Right Ventricle
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.6c Sectional Anatomy of the Heart: (c) Frontal Section, Anterior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.6d Sectional Anatomy of the Heart: (d) Horizontal Section, Superior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.7a Valves of the Heart: (a) Relaxed Ventricles
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.7bValves of the Heart: (b) Contracting Ventricles
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.7cValves of the Heart: (c) Semilunar Valve Function
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.8a Coronary Circulation: (a) Anterior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.8c Coronary Circulation: (c) Coronary Circulation and Great Vessels,
Anterior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.8b Coronary Circulation: (b) Posterior View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Figure 21.8d Coronary Circulation: (d) Coronary Angiogram, Lateral View
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Clinical Note
Figure 21.9 Coronary Circulation and Clinical Testing
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart
Heart Anatomy
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Cardiac Cycle
 All of the electrical and mechanical events that
take place during one heart beat are
referred to as one cardiac cycle.
 Systole — contraction
 Diastole — relaxation
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Cardiac Cycle
Figure 21.10 The Cardiac Cycle
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Cardiac Cycle
Figure 21.11a The Conducting System of the Heart: (a) Nodes and Conducting Fibers
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Cardiac Cycle
Figure 21.11b The Conducting System of the Heart: (b) The Movement of the
Contractile Stimulus through the Heart
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Clinical Note
Figure 21.12 An Artificial Pacemaker.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Clinical Note
Figure 21.13 Monitoring the Heart
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 The ECG is a recording of the electrical events
in the heart.
 P wave — atrial depolarization
 QRS complex — ventricular depolarization
 T wave — ventricular repolarization
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Figure 21.14 An Electrocardiogram
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Figure 21.15 The Autonomic Innervation of the Heart
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings