Download Mid-Term Exam 1. Why did storms and poor weather directly affect

Mid-Term Exam
1. Why did storms and poor weather directly affect local populations in the High Middle Ages?
A. Communities refused to build stockpiled reserves of food for fear that the food would waste.
B. Poor weather disrupted the long-distance networks that brought grains to warm climates and livestock products
to colder climates.
C. Storms and poor weather had little affect on local populations, as food supplies were drawn from a wide
network of markets.
D. Most urban areas depended on food within one day’s travel, and transportation of food was expensive.
2. In addition to fleas, how else was the plague typically spread in the fourteenth century?
A. Through sexual contact
B. Through infected and spoiled food
C. From one person to another by coughing and sneezing
D. By priests distributing the Eucharist
3. How was the economic position of laborers affected by the plague?
A. Depression followed the plague, resulting in stagnant wages and chronic underemployment.
B. Land was consolidated in the hands of the nobility, leaving peasants more subject to their lords’ demands.
C. Trade collapsed, resulting in mass unemployment in cities and a return to the countryside for the poor.
D. Labor shortages resulted in a high standard of living for the broad mass of people.
4. Why did some French nobles side with the English in the 100 Years’ War?
A. The English king promised them more lands and reduced taxes.
B. They believed Edward III had been illegally denied the throne.
C. The English king had demonstrated superior military ability, and the nobles wished to side with the victorious
party.
D. They sought to thwart the efforts of the French monarchy to centralize political authority.
5. How did the English Parliament expand its authority during the course of the 100 Years’ War?
A. The King signed legislation requiring that all nonfeudal taxes must have approval by Parliament.
B. The King recognized the right of Parliament to meet every year in order to discuss the business of the central
government.
C. The Parliament claimed the right to authorize or forbid the use of the army outside of England.
D. The Parliament claimed the right to recall a king who violated the fundamental laws of the realm.
6. The statement, “one king, one law, one faith,” was the motto and policy of:
A. Louis XII
B. James II
C. Charles I
D. Louis XIV
7. Intendants were:
A. royal civil servants
B. Government monopolies
C. Leaders of the army
D. Judges in the courts
8. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed all EXCEPT:
A. “men are born and remain free and equal in rights”
B. “property being inviolable and sacred right..”
C. “women and men to be social and political equals”
D. “liberty consists in being able to do anything that does not harm another person…”
9. “Enlightened Absolutism” is a term used to describe:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the rulers who had actually embraced the reforms of the philosophes
an autocracy sanctioned by philosophy
monarchical government dedicated to the rational strengthening of absolutist administration
Both A and C
10. Why did literacy spread in the fourteenth century?
A. As a result of the revival of Roman law and the legal tradition
B. As a result of the growing need for literacy in commerce, craft production, and politics
C. As a result of the development of a school system within the church
D. As a result of the call for religious reform, which required individuals to critique the church
11. What did Giorgio Vasari mean by using the word renaissance?
A. The limitations of the ancient and medieval word are being overthrown by men of great intellect.
B. The true teachings of Christianity are finding pure expression as humanity is moving out of the darkness of
sin.
C. The vitality of the barbarian era is being reinvigorated by the adventurous spirit of a new age.
D. After centuries of darkness, the glory of the classical past is being reborn in the work of rare men of genius.
12. How did the nobility in northern Italy respond to the growth of power and wealth among the urban merchant
guilds?
A. The nobility sponsored literary and artistic work on Roman history, emphasizing the role of patrician estate
owners as the key to Roman power.
B. The nobility moved to the cities and married into the rich commercial families.
C. The nobility emphasized uniquely noble privileges as markers of honor and status.
D. The nobility claimed all of the leading political offices in the cities as noble offices.
13. How did the Renaissance writers interpret Julius Caesar’s role in Roman history?
A. Julius Caesar’s role in transforming Rome from a republic to an empire marked the beginning of Rome’s
decline.
B. Julius Caesar’s decision to cross the Rubicon and seize Rome serves as the central moment of Rome’s daring
to achieve greatness.
C. Julius Caesar’s embrace of Cleopatra marked the synthesis of West and East, with Western dominance
assured.
D. Julius Caesar’s murder serves as the moment when humans, rather than God, can be understood as the
driving force in history.
14. What did humanists understand as the goal of a humanist education?
A. A contemplative life focused on the ideal forms of human action
B. The development of the soul so that the individual could lead with moral clarity
C. The pursuit of individual artistic greatness that expresses a unique vision
D. A life active in the world that benefited the public good
15. Peter the Great reorganized the Russian bureaucracy by:
A. Introducing a table of ranks
B. Reorganizing the army
C. Establishing many new cabinet positions
D. Creating a Duma
16. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, how did art in northern Europe differ from art in Italy?
A. Northern art was more pastoral, depicting peasant communities.
B. Northern art was more religious in orientation.
C. Northern art was more innovative in technique, developing the idea of perspective.
D. Northern art relied more on themes and stories drawn from classical literature.
17. What general attitudes did Europeans have toward Africa?
A. Africa was a land of great wealth and power that served as a potential threat to European expansion.
B. Africa was the fount of civilization as the fabled location of the Garden of Eden.
C. Africa was a remote place isolated by heresy and Islam from the superior European population.
D. Africa was largely devoid of people, a nearly barren land.
18. The chief problem facing the French monarchy before 1789 was
A. Constant, nearly yearly, peasant revolts
B. Near bankruptcy
C. The refusal of the Estates General to pass tax reform
D. Lack of an heir
19. How did the French monarchy and the papacy resolve the conflict over the appointment of church officials?
A. The papacy reserved the right to appoint officials, and the king gained control over the revenues of church
lands.
B. The papacy received the first year’s income of new bishops and abbots, and the king had the right to select
bishops and abbots.
C. The papacy gained authority over the appointment of officials, but the independent church courts and
military had to be eliminated.
D. The papacy gained revenue rights over church lands but forfeited the right to enforce the Inquisition in
France.
20. What role did the salonnières play within salons?
A. The salonnières mediated among the individuals of different status and different philosophical, religious, and
social beliefs.
B. The salonnières provided amusements and refreshments and then withdrew as the men at the salon began to
discuss and debate issues.
C. The salonnières provided their homes but left the organizing work of the salon to male patrons.
D. The salonnières dominated their salons with strict schedules in order to control debate and discussion.
21. The Renaissance lasted roughly from:
A. 1350 - 1550
B. 1100 - 1300
C. 1500 - 1700
D. 900 - 1200
22. Humanists were:
A. advocates of a liberal arts program of study
B. often orators and poets
C. champions of the teachings of Aristotle
D. A and B
23. Machiavelli was the author of which of the following?
A. A Circle of Governments
B. On the Dignity of Man
C. the Prince
D. A and C
24. Which of the following was not a work of Michelangelo:
A. the “David”
B. the “Mona Lisa”
C. the “Moses
D. the major frescoes in the Sistine chapel
25. The beliefs and movements which characterized the renaissance included all of the following except:
A. greater concern for life in this world rather than the next
B. great expansion of commerce and capitalism
C. the resurgence of the feudal system
D. the shattering of united Christendom
26. Renaissance people were characterized by:
A. strong and unquestioned religious beliefs
B. skepticism
C. corporate loyalty
D. the use of Latin in their writings
27. The Medici family lived in:
A. Milan
B. Rome
C. Venice
D. Florence
28. Spain unified when the following monarchs married:
A. Ferdinand and Blanche of Castile
B. Philip II and Johanna
C. Ferdinand and Isabella
D. Henry of Navarre and Catherine of Aragon
29. Which of the following people is considered to be the father of humanism?
A. Edward III
B. John Huss
C. Petrarch
D. Philip IV
30. The Scientific Revolution:
A. reappropriated old knowledge and supported new discoveries
B. Established new social institutions to support scientific enterprise
C. was supported by the Catholic Church
D. Both A and B
31. Which of the following forms of political organization was most common in Italy?
A. national monarchy
B. aristocracy
C. city state
D. bureaucracy
32. Within Italy, the Renaissance produced:
A.
Great accomplishments in literature, painting, sculpture, and architecture
B.
A new society based on virtue and the so-called cult of the individual
C.
No political institution by which the various parts of the nation could be unified
D.
All of the above
33.The black plague, which first struck Europe in 1348, primarily:
A.
helped to control overpopulation
B.
eliminated the need for agricultural innovation
C.
caused general disorganization
D.
postponed workers’ rebellions
34. One of the most important results of the Hundred Years’ War, which began in 1337, was:
A.
That Parliament widened its powers in England
B.
An extended period of peace and stability in both England and France
C.
D.
That both England and France began to tax the clergy and the nobility for the first time after the war
All of the above
35. All of the following contributed to the growth of the Renaissance EXCEPT:
A. the wealth of the Northern Italian city states
B. business requirements for better education
C. rediscovery of classical texts
D. the strength of the counter-reformation
E. secularization of the Papacy
36. The “T” in APPARTS stands for:
A. The Truth
B. The Summary
C. The Main Idea
D. The Purpose
37. The “I” in OPTICS stands for:
A. Inter-related
B. Internal
C. Inter-relationships
D. Interview
38. The Scientific Revolution
A. rejected the tenets of Western Scholastic heritage
B. promoted a mechanistic view of nature
C. transformed physical nature from a symbolic to a practical realm
D. all of the above
39. Women artists created all these arts except:
A. textiles
B. needlework
C. paintings on porcelain
D. Frescoes and murals
40. What Italian city-state was known for selling wool and banking?
A. Genoa
B. Florence
C. Milan
D. Rome
41. In the early sixteenth century, men and women demonstrated their religious piety through all of the following
means except
A. village processions honoring local saints.
B. donations made to churches and religious orders in wills.
C. strong support for the church and clergy.
D. pilgrimages made to shrines.
42. What new understanding of salvation did Martin Luther propose?
A. Salvation was achieved through godly submission to spiritual authorities.
B. Salvation came through faithful performance of the sacraments and charitable works.
C. Salvation was achieved by living a moral life in accordance with Biblical teachings of good and evil.
D. Salvation came through faith as a free gift of God without human effort.
43. How did humanists respond to the Lutheran reform movement?
A. Most humanists rejected the Lutheran assertion that the writings of the church fathers and medieval theologians
did not carry spiritual authority
B. Many humanists were attracted to its simpler, personal faith that emphasized reading and reflecting on the
scriptures.
C. Many humanists were attracted to the unified and coherent body of doctrine that Protestantism represented.
D. Most humanists rejected the challenge to learned, scholarly opinion built into the idea of the priesthood of all
believers.
44. How did Luther justify his rejection of the peasants in the Peasants’ War?
A. Luther believed freedom meant independence from the authority of the Roman church, not authority from
legitimate secular power.
B. Luther asserted that the peasants were seeking to reestablish Catholicism throughout Germany.
C. Luther claimed that the Bible forbids Christians to ever rebel against or challenge royal or noble authority.
D. Luther fully justified the peasant rebellion but asserted that as a spiritual leader he should not speak out on a
secular issue.
45. Why did Henry VIII believe that God was displeased with his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
A. Henry had married Catherine in order to secure a political alliance but had not had sexual relations with her and
rarely saw her.
B. Henry believed that the Islamic heritage in Spain had made the Spanish displeasing to God and therefore his
marriage to a Spaniard was incurring God’s wrath.
C. Henry believed that Catherine’s failure to produce any children was evidence that she had brought Spanish
lovers with her from Spain.
D. Catherine had been married to Henry’s older brother who died, and marriage to a brother’s widow violated
canon law.
46. The First, Second and Third Estates represented which groups of society respectively?
A. nobility; commoners; clergy
B. clergy, nobility, commoners
C. clergy, commoners, nobility
D. commoners, clergy, nobility
47. How do many historians understand the developments within the Catholic Church after the Reformation as two
movements?
A. As an internal reform movement tied to earlier reform efforts and as a movement that opposed Protestantism.
B. As a reform movement to expand church authority over political authority and as a movement opposed to
Protestantism
C. As a reform movement to improve management of church lands and as a movement to expand church authority
over political authority
D. As an internal reform movement and as a movement to expand church authority over political authority
48. What was the goal of the French at the Council of Trent?
A. The French wanted to establish clear guidelines for witchcraft trials.
B. The French wanted to reclaim control of the territories of Alsace and Lorraine.
C. The French wanted to limit papal authority over church properties in France.
D. The French wanted Catholics and Lutherans to remain divided to keep German lands decentralized.
49. Why did inquisitions often not lead to the executions of accused witches?
A. Local populations came to the protection of those accused of witchcraft, vouching for their devotion to
Christianity.
B. The required standards of proof were significantly high so that rarely could guilt be legally established.
C. Inquisitors doubted that most people made pacts with the devil and instead believed peasants to be
superstitious and ignorant.
D. Most accused witches admitted to witchcraft, proving the devil’s spell was broken.
50. The philosophy of John Locke gave inspiration to:
A. Cromwell’s Puritan Republic
B. the Monarchy of Charles II
C. The American and French Revolutions
D. the Monarchy of James II
51. From what did the European voyages of discovery derive?
A. The desire to spread Christianity to people who had not heard the Christian message
B. The thrill of discovery and of exploring unknown regions
C. The desire to share in and control the wealth coming from the Indian Ocean trade
D. The intent to reclaim the Holy Lands from the Muslim Turks
52. How did the Ottoman expansion affect European trade?
A. It led Europeans to seek new trade routes to Asia.
B. It substantially expanded European trade with the East by providing more secure trade corridors.
C. It crippled European trade with the East as the Islamic Ottomans sought to use their position to economically
destroy Christian Europe.
D. It undermined the importance of the Italian city-state in European trade.
53. What role did Prince Henry play in European expansion?
A. He led three key expeditions to Africa, seizing control of the city of Ceuta in Morocco as a launching point for
future expeditions.
B. He served as liaison between the explorers and the papacy to ensure the papacy that the explorers sought to
spread Christianity.
C. He coordinated French, English, and Portuguese efforts at exploration in order to share the expenses.
D. He supported the study of geography and navigation and sponsored expeditions down the coast of Africa.
54. What relationship did Vasco da Gama forge with the Indians in Calicut?
A. He established a trade alliance that included a neutral council to resolve trade disputes.
B. He angered the Muslim merchants with his arrogance and failed to forge any trading alliances.
C. He established a Portuguese colony on the Indian coast and agreed to pay local leaders a 12% tax on all goods
sold.
D. He forged a trade monopoly with the Indian emperor that gave Portugal exclusive rights to trade with Europe.
55. Which of the following was NOT part of the content or impact of the Napoleonic Code?
A. The Roman Catholic Church’s monopoly on religion ended
B. Feudal obligations of the peasants ended
C. Class distinctions were reinforced
D. The liberalizing ideas of the Enlightenment began to reach much of Europe
56. How role did the intendants serve in Spanish America?
A. The intendants served as the viceroy’s local advisors and ensured that the viceroy’s decrees were enacted.
B. The intendants held broad administrative, military, and judicial powers and reported directly to the monarchy.
C. The intendants served as the Spanish settlers’ representatives to the monarchy to ensure that their views were
heard.
D. The intendants were responsible for protecting the interests of the Catholic Church both with regard to the
church’s lands and its missionary efforts.
57. What crop did the Spanish establish over their entire domain in the Americas?
A. Corn
B. Grapes
C. Olives
D. Wheat
58. Why did Spain’s productive capacity decline during its golden age?
A. The Spanish economy could not meet the demand for goods, leading to widespread inflation, which increased
production costs.
B. The Americas supplied so many manufactured goods to Spain that Spain itself did not need to manufacture
products.
C. With the wealth from the Americas, many people were able to stop working, causing production to diminish.
D. Spain focused its activities on spreading Christianity through warfare in Europe and through missionaries in its
colonies.
59. As a result of the Enlightenment:
A. the aristocracy became intellectualized
B. distinctions between social classes were not as defined
C. the spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and W. society
D. All of the above
60. William Shakespeare’s Othello seems to echo
A. the large religious wars on continental Europe in the sixteenth century.
B. the witch hunts of the sixteenth century.
C. the efforts of Renaissance kings to centralize political authority.
D. the problems of imperial conquest and settlement in the sixteenth century.
61. The Protestant reformation called for an end to all of the following except:
A. the worship of saints
B. indulgences
C. monasteries
D. prayer
62. The factors that led to the emergence and success of Protestantism included the:
decline of the church and the growth of secular and humanistic feeling in Europe
the spread of lay religion
the rise of monarchs who wished to control everything in their kingdoms, including the church
all of the above
63. Who among the following was famous for starting a school for navigators and encouraging exploration of the
West African coast?
A. Prince Henry the Navigator
B. Balboa
C. Magellan
D. Vasco da Gama
64. Which items of trade increased tremendously in importance during the age of exploration?
A. gold, slaves, and spices
B. gold, wool, and spices
C. gold, pottery, and wool
D. Spices, wool, and cloth
65. Among the consequences of European involvement in the African slave trade wasA
A. a decrease in anti-Semitism
B. the development of new racist ideas
C. the association of blackness with vigor and strength
D. greater toleration of Islam
66. The impact of the Protestant Reformation included all of the following except:
A. reform of practice within the Catholic Church
B. division among Protestants
C. religious wars
D. improved social conditions for the peasants
67. Henry VII broke from the Catholic Church because of
A. his serious doubts about Catholic theology
B. his concerns about succession
C. his desire to protest Protestants in England
D. the influence of his first wife
68. The importation of massive amounts of gold and silver into Spain ultimately damaged Spain by
A. creating a huge crime wave
B. personally corrupting the monarchs such as Philip II
C. fostering an inflation, which increased royal debt
D. allowing Spain to engage in war after war
69. Which group on the continent did not benefit economically from the Black Death?
A. Men seeking admission to guilds
B. rich farmers who could buy out their poorer neighbors
C. speculators
D. aristocratic landowners dependent on rents
70. In the typical northern Italian commune during the Renaissance
A. people owned property in common
B. the entire male adult population had the franchise; women did not
C. nobles ruled as princes
D. merchant oligarchies held power
71. A ruler who is known as a politique
A. rules with an iron fist
B. subordinates theology to political unity
C. adopts Christian humanism
D. works well with Parliament
E. practices international diplomacy
72. The Treaty of Nantes
A. gave Huguenots qualified religious freedoms
B. established universal religious toleration in France
C. settled the border between France and Spain
D. ended French involvement in northern Italy
E. brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire.
73. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the Counter-Reformation?
A. The Church emerged with an organizational structure emphasizing absolute obedience to the person at the
top.
B. Catholics were permitted by the Church to convert to Lutheranism under the Augsburg Settlement.
C. The Roman Church adopted a Presbyterian organizational structure.
D. There was little popular support for the Counter-Reformation.
74. Enlightenment thinkers:
A. were convinced that human beings could comprehend the operation of physical nature, but could not mold it to
the ends of moral improvement
B. had faith in the power of rational criticism
C. were not popular in their own era because their ideas were difficult to comprehend
D. Both A and B
75. The Elizabethan religious settlement between Protestants and Catholics that created the Anglican Church can
be described as all of the following except:
A. an example of Elizabeth’s political ability
B. a political-religious compromise
C. a victory of moderate Protestantism
D. a reflection of Elizabeth’s own radical Protestant beliefs
76. The Catholic Counter-Reformation spirit was expressed in
A. Mannerism
B. Modernism
C. Classicism
D. The Baroque
77. The French Revolution had each of the following effects EXCEPT
A. people of lower birth holding wide influence in political and military affairs.
B. a serious challenge to Catholicism.
C. the effects of the Revolution were contained inside France.
D. conscripted armies defeating professionally trained armies.
78. The Estates-General was called in order to
A. decide about further support of American revolutionary efforts.
B. decide whether new taxes on the nobility should be instated.
C. divide the nobility into two groups in order to reduce its power.
D. Reduce the power of the monarch.
79. Most of the members of the National Assembly wished to create
A. a democracy with communal property.
B. a classical democracy.
C. A Republic
D. A Constitutional Monarchy
80. The famous tennis court oath was taken:
A. by the First Estate in response to the formation of the National Assembly.
B. by the Second Estate in order to quell the rioting in Paris.
C. in order to call for the king's abdication.
D. after the Third Estate left the Estates-General.