Download Community Processes: Species Interactions and

Community Processes: Species Interactions and
Succession – Chapter 8
I.
Community Structure
A.
Definition
B.
Four Factors
C.
Ecotones and Edge Effects
1.
Habitat Fragmentation
2.
How to protect biodiversity
D.
Where is the biodiversity?
1.
Where?
2.
Why?
a.
Terrestrial
b.
Marine
E.
Island Biodiversity
1.
Factors
2.
Species Equilibrium model
3.
Graphs
II. Some General Types of Species
A.
Generalist or Specialist Species
B.
R and K strategiests
C.
Nonnative Species
1.
Other names
2.
Potential Problems (think back to
reading)
3.
Example - Killer Bees
D.
Indicator Species
1.
Definition
2.
Examples
E.
Keystone Species
1.
Definition
2.
Examples
a.
Habitat Modifications
b.
Top Predator
c.
Dung Beetles
3.
Loss of Keystones
III. Species Interactions: Competition and Predation
A.
Interaction of Species
1.
Interference vs. Exploitation Competition
2.
Intraspecific Competition
a.
Territoriality
b.
Methods of survival
c.
Fundamental and Realized Niche
3.
Interspecific competition
a.
Predation
b.
Symbiosis
c.
Parasitism
d.
Mutualism
e.
Commensalism
B.
Principle of Competitive Exclusion
C.
Fire Ant
D.
Species Avoid or Reduce Competition
1.
Resource Partitioning
a.
Definition
b.
Realized v. Fundamental niche
c.
Examples
2.
Character Displacement
E.
Predator and Prey Interaction
1.
Predator Survival Skills - “Skills”
a.
Herbivores
b.
Carnivores
2.
Prey survival skills - Defenses
a.
Characteristics (list all 4)
b.
Camouflage
c.
Chemical Warfare
d.
Warning coloration
e.
Mimicry
f.
Behavioral
IV. Symbiotic Species Interactions: Parasitism,
Mutualism, and Commensalism
A.
Symbiosis
B.
Parasites
1.
Unlike predators
2.
Types
a.
Inside
b.
Outside
3.
Importance
C.
Mutualism
1.
Benefits
2.
Examples
a.
Nutritional
b.
Nutritional and Protection
3.
Why is mutualism considered mutual
exploitation?
D.
Commensalism
1.
Definition
2.
Examples
V.
Ecosystem Structure and Ecological Succession
A.
Change of Ecosystems
B.
Ecological succession (learn chart 8-1 on page
190)
1.
Primary Succession
a.
Ground cover
b.
Pioneer species
c.
Soil formation process
d.
Early successional plants
e.
Mid-successional plants
f.
Late successional plants
2.
Secondary Succession
a.
Where?
b.
How?
C.
Species Replacement in Ecological Succession
1.
Facilitation
2.
Inhibition
3.
Tolerance
D.
Role of Disturbance in Ecological Succession
1.
Use figure 8-2 to select 4 catastrophic
and 4 gradual changes on ecosystems to explain briefly
2.
New conditions
E.
Role of Fire in Succession
F.
Affects of Agricultural and Plantation
Forestry on Succession
G.
Prediction of Succession
VI. Ecological Stability and Sustainability
A.
Stability
1.
Inertia/persistence
2.
Constancy
3.
Resilience
B.
Species Diversity and Ecosystem Stability
1.
See reading
C.
Precautionary Principle (again - noticing a
trend?)