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THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Unit 5 Unit Goals • Describe the functions and structures of the muscular system including muscle fibers, fascia, tendons, and the three types of muscle • Recognize, define, spell and pronounce the terms related to muscle movements and explain how the muscles are named. • Recognize, define, pronounce and spell the terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the muscular system* • Time Permitting Enrichment Terms (see attachment) • antagonist- muscle that acts in opposition to the action of • • • • • • • another muscle, its agonist atrophy- wasting away, decrease in size contraction- shortening or development of tension in muscle tissue contracture- permanent shortening of tendons and ligaments of a joint resulting from atrophy of muscle dystrophy- muscle disorder resulting from defective or faulty nutrition, abnormal development, infection myalgia- muscle pain paralysis- loss or impairment of motor function posture- attitude or position of the body Terms Cont. • prime mover- muscle that acts directly to bring about a • • • • • • desired movement, agonist range of motion- active or passive movement of muscle groups to full extent possible, used to prevent contracture sarcomere- repeating units of muscle fibers with the ability to contract skeletal- pertaining to the framework of the body stimulus- any agent, act, or influence that produces a change in the development or function of tissues tonus- slight, continuous contraction of muscle visceral- pertaining to any large interior organ in any one of the cavities of the body What is a muscle? • Contractile Tissue (group of cells working together) • Produces force and motion Muscle Types • Smooth Muscle: • Automatically stimulated • No striations • Found in digestive system, hair follicles, and reproductive system Muscle Types • Skeletal Muscle: • Striated • Voluntary • Found in face, limbs, torso • Line all the bones in the body Muscle Types • Cardiac Muscle • Some striations • Stimulated by the vagus nerve in the brain • Found on in the heart • Specialized to carry and spread an electrical charge! Types of Muscle Review How does the muscle flex? • Muscle movement begins in the brain • Control of movement occurs in the primary motor cortex (M1) • Sends out nerve impulses to specific areas of skeletal muscle “Excitation” • The site of interaction b/t a neuron and any other cell is known as a synapse. • The synapse b/t a neuron and a muscle is known as the neuromuscular junction. • Excitation causes a reaction involving Na+, K+, and Ca2+ Brain Movement Map Muscle Action Terms • Flexion: decrease in joint angle from anatomical position (ex: bicep flex) • Extension: Return of body to anatomical pos. after flexion • Abduction: movement of limbs away from body (ex: jumping jacks/ snow angels) • Adduction: return of limbs back to anatomical pos. after abduction More Terms • Inversion: turning soles of feet to face each other (ex: common ankle sprain) • Eversion: soles of feet turn laterally • Protraction: horizontal movement in anterior direction (ex: jutting jaw forward) • Retraction: return to regular from horizontal More Terms • Elevation: To move in superior direction (ex: shoulder shrug) • Depression: move inferiorly (ex: drop shoulders) Last Terms • Supination: lateral rotation of the hand (ex: palms down to palms up, as if holding a bowl of soup) • Pronation: medial rotation of the hands (ex:palms up to palms down, dribbling position) • Plantarflexion: increasing the angle b/t the shin and top of foot (ex: stand on toes) • Dorsiflexion: decreasing the angle b/t the shin and top of foot • REVIEW TOGETHER Sample Movements- Hand Muscular System • There are over 600 muscles • Functions include: • Movement • Posture Maintenance • Generation of Heat • Breathing/ Digestion (compression of abdomen) • Trapezius: Extends/abducts head, rotates scapula • Deltoid: Abducts arm, flexes, extends, rotates (delts) • Pectoralis Major: Flexes, adducts arm (pecs) • Latissimus Dorsi: Extends, adducts arm (lats) • Biceps Brachii: Flexes arm, supinates hand (bis) • Triceps Brachii: Extends, adducts arm (tris) Individual Muscle GroupsShoulder and Arm Shoulder and Arm Individual Muscle GroupsHip and Thigh • Sartorius: Flexes and Laterally rotates thigh • Quadriceps: (grp of 4) Extend leg, flex thigh (Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralus/Medialis) • Hamstring Group: Extend thigh/ flex leg (Biceps Femoris) Individual Muscle GroupsLeg and Foot • Gastrocnemius: flex leg/ plantarflexes foot (also known as the calf muscle) • Soleus: Plantar flexes foot • Tibialis anterior: inverts foot/dorsiflexes foot Individual Muscle GroupsHead and Neck • Masseter: Closes mandible, largest mammalian mandible found on the rat • Zygomaticus: elevates the corners of the mouth, attached at zygomatic bone, responsible for your smile! • (Sternocleidomastoid, Orbicularius oculi/oris) Individual Muscle Groups Trunk • External Oblique: Compresses abdominal wall, • • • • laterally rotates trunk (love handles) Transverse Abdominis: same fxn Rectus Abdominis: Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdominal wall External intercostals: Elevates ribs (increase volume) Internal intercostals: Depresses ribs (decreases volume) How Muscles Work