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Chapter 21 - 24 Study Guide
1. Describe what alternation of generations is in plants. Which produces haploid cells and which
produces diploid cells
All plants have 2 stages during their life. Gametophyte generation produces gametes (haploid cells),
sporophyte generation begins with fertilization therefore are diploid cells
2. How do nonseed plants reproduce? How do seed plants reproduce?
Non-seed: Reproduces through spores
Seed: Reproduces through seeds
3. What are the reproductive benefits of producing seeds?
- Protect embryo
- provide food for embryo
- aid in dispersal
- keep embryo from drying out
4. What are the different ways that seeds can be dispersed? Give examples of each.
Wind: develop "wings" for air dispersal
Water: Air bladder where they float like a coconut
Animal: Stick to fur, eat the fruit, or bury in ground
5. What is the primary difference between the seeds of conifers and anthophytes (flowering
plants)? Where do you find the seeds in each?
Anthophyte seeds are encased in fruits; conifer seeds are produced in cones
6. What is a prothallus?
Gametophyte of a fern
7. Explain why water limits the long-term survival of non-seed plants? Give 2 examples of nonseed plants.
- they must live close to water because they depend on water for fertilization, sperm has to swim to the egg.
EX: Bryophytes and Pterophytes
8. Why are nonvascular plants limited or not as common as vascular plants?
The life functions of vascular plants require a close association with water
9. List some characteristics of anthophytes (flowering plants).
- have vascular tissue -produce flowers and seeds
- produce seeds
10.
What are some similarities between algae and a plant?
- cell walls made of cellulose
- both contain chlorophyll
- both store food as starch
11.
Where is cellulose found?
In the cell wall of the plant
12.
What adaptations help make flowering plants so successful?
- Flowering plants produce fruits that protect the seeds and aid in seed dispersal
13.
How do nonvascular plants obtain water and nutrients?
-osmosis and diffusion
14.
What is the difference between a plant and animal cell?
Plant: Cell wall with cellulose, chloroplasts, large water vacuoles
Animal: NO cell wall, no chloroplasts, small vacuoles
15.
The leaf of a fern is called a frond, and a baby leaf is called a fiddlehead.
16.
Draw a seed and label the following parts: embryo, seed coat, cotyledon. What is the
purpose to each?
Seed Coat – to protect the seed (like the shell of an egg)
Embyro – the fertilized zygote (like a baby chicken of an egg)
Cotyledon – the food for the embryo (like the white of an egg)
17.
List the differences between monocots and dicots. (vascular tissue, # of petals,
venation)
Moncots – 1 cotyledon, veins parallel, flower parts multiples of 3
Dicots – 2 cotyledons, veins netlike, flower parts in multiples of 4 and 5
18.
What is the difference between an archegonium and an anteridium?
Archegonium: the female reproductive structure of a nonvascular plant that produces and houses the eggs
Antheridium: the male reproductive structure of a nonvascular plant that produces sperm
19.
Name the anatomy or components that make up a leaf.
Palisade Mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, stomata, guard cells, epidermis, xylem and phloem
19. Compare perennials, annuals, and biennials.
- annuals – plants that live for only 1 year
- biennials – plant that have a 2 year life span
- perennials – plants that live for several years
20. Name the three types of plant cells and give the function of each.
parenchyma cells- store sap and food production
collenchyma cells- support
sclerenchyma cells- support
21. Name the two different types of vascular tissue and what they each transport.
xylem- transports water and dissolved minerals
phloem- transports sugars (food)
23 Explain the function of the stomata and explain the guard cells function
The stomata this is where gas exchange happens (release of oxygen and take in carbon dioxide) and guard cells
Will open and close the stomata to prevent water loss
24. What reproductive structures does a Coniferophyte and an Anthophte produce?
Coniferophyte: Cones
Anthophyte: Flowers
25 What is the function of the following?
stems- supports plants, transports water and food
leaves – photosynthesis
roots- anchor plant, absorb water and minerals
26. Explain why guard cells function and regulate the size of a
stoma. Draw stomata and their guard cells.
Same as #23
27. What is a tropism?
The response of a plant to an environmental stimulus
28. Name the 4 main tropisms and explain how they affect the plant.
Phototropism – Causes the plant to grow towards a light stimulous
Gravitropism – Cause the roots of the plant to grow in the direction to gravity
Hydrotropism – Causes the roots of the plant to grow in the direction of water
Thigmotropism – Causes the plant to grow in response to touch or contact stimuli.
29. How do seeds enable plants to survive harsh conditions?
o the seed coat protects them from drying out
o protects the embryo
o seeds have stored food
o Aid in dispersal
30. What is the difference between complete and incomplete flowers?
Incomplete Flowers: do not have pistils meaning they do not have both female and male reproductive
structures
Complete Flowers: have all 4 organs – pistil, stamen, sepals, and petals
31. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
pollination is the transfer of pollen to the pistil where fertilization is the fusion of the pollen grain and the
ovule
32. Name the part of an anthophyte flower that becomes the fruit. This is where double
fertilization occurs.
The Ovary of the plant
33 What are the 2 categories in which plants are classified? (what do they produce?)
Producing seeds or spores
34 Which flower parts make up the following structures: (circle the male structure)
pistil- stigma, style, and ovary
stamen- anther and filament
35 What is seed dormancy? What factors have an effect on it?
a period of inactivity for a seed – water, oxygen and proper temperatures can effect dormancy
36. Chemicals that are produced in the plant that act as messengers are called
Hormones (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene gas).
37. Draw a flower and label the following: stigma, ovary, anther, style, filament, petals, sepal,
pistil, stamen. Include the function of each.




Pistil – Female part of the plant
o Stigma - Sticky for capturing pollen
o Style – Tube in which pollen travel
o Ovary – Where fertilization takes place
Stamen – male part of the plant
o Anther – produces pollen
o Filament – holds up the anther
Petal – attracts pollenators
Sepal – protects developing plants
Pistil