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Dr. Sheppard CHEM 4201 Fall 2014 Exam II Study Guide Some questions to consider, topics to review…. I. Food Chemistry ● What is food chemistry? What are the major chemical components of food? ● What are macronutrients? Micronutrients? Why are they necessary? ● What are saccharices (mono, di, poly)? What is high fructose corn syrup? Are artificial sweeteners more or less sweet than sucrose? ● What are the properties of saturated and unsaturated fats? What are trans fats and how are they formed? ● What is a protein biological value? ● What does it take for something to be considered calorie or fat free? Light? All natural? Whole grain? Organic? ● What are minerals? Macro vs. microminerals? ● Be able to describe the function of each of the following vitamins. You should be able to describe the structure and reactivity of the vitamins indicated with an * (e.g., which part of the vitamin structure reacts). o Thiamine* o Ascorbic acid* o Riboflavin* o Pantothenic acid o Niacin o Vitamin A* o Pyridoxine* o Vitamin D o Biotin o Vitamin E* o Folic acid* o Vitamin K* o Cobalamin ● What vitamin is important in the chemistry of vision? Describe the structure of this vitamin. ● What is the structure of isoprene? Name molecules derived from isoprene (isoprenoids). ● What specific medical problems arise from vitamin deficiencies? ● Which vitamins are toxic? ● Which vitamins are fat-soluble? Water-soluble? ● What are some examples of alternative medicine? ● What is herbal medicine? How are herbs regulated? ● Give examples of some commonly-used drugs derived from herbs/plants. ● What are the common classes of phytochemicals? Describe the structure of these compounds. ● What are terpenes? ● What are the similarities and differences between herbs and prescription drugs? ● What are the types of medicinal herbs (adaptogens, bitters, etc.)? ● How is herbal medicine administered? Dr. Sheppard CHEM 4201 Fall 2014 Exam II Study Guide ● Be able to describe the therapeutic benefits derived from the following herbs/plants: o Comfrey o Thyme o St. John’s Wort o Cannabis o Cocaine o Aspirin o Poppy o Deadly nightshade, mandrake, henbane, thorn apple ● What is a pharmacophore? ● Describe the chemistry of milk. What are the nutritional components of milk? What happens when acid is added to milk? How are milk products (cheese, yogurt, cream, etc.) formed? ● What are some of the major chemicals responsible for the taste and aroma of coffee? How is coffee processed? ● What are xanthenes? Describe the structure of and physiological response from xanthine molecules. ● What types of organic molecules are responsible for most flavors and aromas? What are combinations of molecules needed to mimic natural flavors/aromas? Which compounds give tart flavor? ● What is the Maillard reaction? ● What are some common food additives for butter substitutes? ● What are the 7 types of odor receptors? How does chirality affect odor? Give specific examples. ● What are preservatives? What do they do? Provide examples? ● Why are dyes added to food? How are food dyes regulated? ● What are the differences between natural and synthetic dyes? What are the advantages of one type of dye over the other? II. Dyes ● Why are certain molecules colored? What type of light do they absorb? What structural features do they typically have in common? ● What is the first synthetic dye? How was it discovered? ● What are the two main types of synthetic dyes? ● How/why are some dyes able to be used as pH indicators? ● Describe the structure and be able to name some triphenylmethyl dyes. ● Describe the structure and be able to name some azo dyes. Dr. Sheppard CHEM 4201 Fall 2014 Exam II Study Guide ● How are azo dyes prepared? What molecules are needed? Be able to draw products and/or starting materials for this reaction. ● What is a diazonium salt? Diazotization? Coupling? Be able to draw the mechanism for the coupling step. ● What are the different processes for dyeing fabric? Which process(es) work best on natural fabric? Synthetic fabric? III. Heterocyclic Chemistry ● What are heterocycles? How are the atoms in a heterocycle numbered? Lettered? ● Be able to name/draw structures of the following aromatic heterocycles: o Pyrrole o Indole o Pyridine o Purine o Furan o Pyrazine o Imidazole o Pyrimidine o Thiazole ● Be able to name/draw structures of the following non-aromatic heterocycles: o Pyrrolidine o Piperidine o Tetrahydrofuran o Tetrahydropyran o Dioxane ● Which electrons of an aromatic heterocycle contribute to aromaticity? ● When does a heterocycle act as an acid? A base? ● Where will electrophilic aromatic substitution occur on pyridine? Pyrrole? ● What is nucleophilic aromatic substitution? What is the leaving group? Where does the electron-withdrawing group need to be located on benxene? Where will substitution occur on pyridine? ● What is an azide? How does it react in cycloaddition reactions? ● Where are heterocycles found in nature? Give some examples for each of the following: o Amino acids and derivatives o Vitamins o Pigments o DNA/RNA o Alkaloids ● What are some applications of heterocycles? Give some examples for each of the following: o Medicines o Dyes/pigments o Fluorescent molecules o Polymers o Pesticides o Explosives o Food components o Electronics